字词 | 知觉 |
释义 | 知觉【英】perception译文来源Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1987: 519. 定义知觉,感性认识的基本形式之一,指人对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物的表面现象和外部联系的综合的、整体的反映。知觉以感觉作为基础,由客观事物直接作用于人体的感觉器官而引起,是在感性认识阶段中较感觉高一层次的认识形式。知觉有简单知觉和复杂知觉之分,前者以对知觉起主导作用的分析器为划分依据,包括视知觉、听知觉、嗅知觉、味知觉、触知觉和运动知觉,后者知觉对象的空间和时间特征为划分依据,包括空间知觉、时间知觉,空间知觉又包括形状、大小、距离和方位等知觉。知觉具有整体性、选择性、理解性和恒常性的特征,人总是有选择地以少数事物作为知觉对象,知觉的这种特性称之为知觉的选择性;知觉依赖于主体过去的经验,根据以往的认识和经验去加以理解,这种特性称为知觉的理解性,理解使知觉更加精准和深刻;知觉所反映的是对象的整体现象,知觉条件改变了,知觉的映象仍保持相对不变,这是知觉的整体性和恒常性。感觉和知觉一样,都是对客观事物的生动的、丰富的、直接的反映,都是意识产生的基础,为意识的形成提供基本内容,但知觉是意识的直接要素,能够构成较为完整的意识活动。知觉的产生和发展离不开实践这个基础,“在社会实践中产生各种感觉,由此才能造成对事物的各种知觉。人们的知觉能力的提高也离不开社会实践。实践经验的积累和丰富的科学知识,使人的知觉能力获得迅速发展,在感知事物时能迅速获得知觉形象。同时,知觉本身还受到人们在实践中形成的知识、经验、需要、兴趣、情绪、愿望、注意等各种因素的影响”(金炳华,2003:209)。知觉也有其局限性,只能反映出事物的表面现象,对于事物的本质,则需要将知觉在实践基础上不断深化,上升到理性认识。尽管如此知觉作为一种感性认识,是感觉和思维之间的一个重要环节,它对感觉材料进行加工,为思维准备必要的条件,对人们认识世界、了解世界的多样性具有重要意义。 定义来源金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 在后来的西方思想史上,康德的理性框架制约论主要是由赫尔巴特和冯特从哲学走出去的心理学道路。统觉论被进一步视为心理知觉过程的某一意识背景,它直接强调过去的经验和意识对当下知觉起到的统摄作用,并且又开始从一般地重视心理现象的统一性逐步过渡到透视心理背景制约的基础,这种努力的结果就是著名的格式塔(Gestalt)完形心理学的出现。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007: 49 1. In the later history of Western thought, Kant's theory of constraint of a theoretical framework has been applied by Herbart and Wundt to build a psychological road beyond philosophy. Apperception is further regarded as a kind of subjective context of the psychological cognitive process. It directly emphasizes the unifying effect of the past experiences and consciousness on the present intuition, and its attention gradually shifts from the unity of psychological phenomena to the constraints of psychological contexts, which eventually leads to the famous Gestalt Psychology. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 79. 2. 认识。蚂蚁具有和我们不同的眼睛,它们能看见化学(?)光线 (1882年6月8日《自然界》,拉伯克),但是,在对我们所看不到的这些光线的认识上,我们比蚂蚁走得更远得多。我们能够证明蚂蚁看得见我们所看不见的东西,而且这种证明只是以我们的眼睛所造成的知觉为基础的,这已经表明人的眼睛的特殊构造并不是人的认识的绝对界限。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973: 583 2. Cognition. Ants have eyes different from ours, they can see chemical (?) light-rays (Nature, June 8, 1882, Lubbock), but as regards knowledge of these rays that are invisible to us, we are considerably more advanced than the ants, and the very fact that we are able to demonstrate that ants can see things invisible to us, and that this proof is based solely on perceptions made with our eyes, shows that the special construction of the human eye sets no absolute barrier to human cognition. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 519. 3. 这一“极端布尔什维克”的立场使萨特与他从前的小伙伴梅洛·庞蒂分道扬镳,后者在萨特靠近马克思主义时,却脱离了马克思主义。然而,在其主要著作《现象学和知觉》中,梅洛-庞蒂强调人类的互动性和主客体的辩证统一,以此来反对作为忠实的笛卡儿主义者的萨特把主客体根本分开的做法。他写道:“甚至在最近期,继续把萨特同马克思主义区分开来的东西是萨特关于‘我思(cogito)’的哲学。”——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:299 3. This ‘ultra-Bolshevik’ position led to a split between Sartre and his former colleague Merleau-Ponty, who was moving away from Marxism just as Sartre was approaching it. In his major work, Phenomenology and Perception, Merleau-Ponty had emphasized human interaction and the dialectical unity of subject and object as opposed to their radical separation in Sartre, the faithful Cartesian. ‘What continues to distinguish Sartre from Marxism, even in recent times,’ he wrote ‘is his philosophy of the cogito.’ -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 313. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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