小资产阶级社会主义【英】

petty-bourgeois socialism

译文来源

Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 9) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972：438-446.

定义

是指从小资产阶级立场出发批判资本主义，试图恢复和维护小私有制度的空想社会主义思潮。产生于19世纪上半叶。主要代表为:瑞士籍法国经济学家、历史学家西斯蒙第(Jean Charles Leonard Simon de Sismondi,1773--1842)、法国历史学家路易·勃朗“(Jean Joseph Charles Louis Blanc,1811-1882 )。西斯蒙第在1819年发表的《政治经济学新原理》一书，批判资本主义，揭露资本主义自身无法克服的矛盾，论证资本主义经济危机的必然性等等，但他不了解资本主义矛盾的实质及其产生根源，称赞封建社会的自然经济，主张回到小生产中去。列宁指出，西斯蒙第的“空想不是预示将来，而是复活过去;他不是向前看，而是向后看。”“这就是西斯蒙第的空想被认为是反动的空想的缘故”(《列宁全集》第2卷第207,208页)。路易·勃朗在《劳动组织》(1839-1840)一书中，试图通过阶级合作和资产阶级国家的帮助，实现他虚构的普遍的经济平等和社会平等的社会。席卷欧洲的1848年革命，使小资产阶级社会主义遭到破产。实践证明马克思和恩格斯创立的科学社会主义才是工人解放的正确道路。但是到19世纪70年代，资本主义开始向垄断阶段过渡，生产和资的集中加剧，使走投无路的小资产者纷纷涌进工人队伍，于是各种小资产阶级社会主义思潮，又一次在工人运动中泛滥起来。1872年蒲鲁东主义者阿·米尔柏格(Arthur Mulberger,1847-1907)发表了一组论住宅问题的文章，宣传蒲鲁东的永恒公平的原则和从资本主义退到小生产基础之上的空想观点。1875年，德国工人运动的爱森纳赫派和拉萨尔派在哥达合并的纲领中，向拉萨尔主义让步，主张依靠国家帮助建立合作社来实现社会主义。马克思和恩格斯发表了《论住宅问题》、《哥达纲领批判》等著作，揭露他们恢复和维护小生产方式、对无产阶级革命的反动实质，指出它们以抽象原则和主观意志作为社会主义基础的空想特征。在俄国，19世纪60-70年代产生的民粹派也是代表小生产者利益的空想社会主义思潮。（金炳华，2003：285）

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 蒲鲁东的社会主义理论是典型的小资产阶级社会主义理论，主要表现为平均主义的平等观和无政府主义的自由观。蒲鲁东不仅提出了明确的理论主张，而且效仿黑格尔的思辩哲学，采取了独特的论证方法。蒲鲁东小资产阶级社会主义的理论和方法，涉及哲学、政治经济学和社会理论的诸多基础理论问题。经济方面，蒲鲁东依据他的“劳动价值论”，把劳动作为价值的尺度，认为在劳动量相等的前提下，一个人的产品和另一个人的产品可以进行交换。这种建立在平等基础上的交换行为可以使所有劳动者都得到平等的酬偿，这同时也提供了工资和地租平等分配的依据。实现这样的分配形式，需要把小生产者联合起来建立合作社，在国民银行的帮助下把财富重新配置。在使工人的权利得到实现的同时进行整个社会改组，最终确立以小生产为基础的社会，通过“以产品交换产品”的简单交换形式，实现小私有制的普遍化。政治方面，蒲鲁东希望用经济组织来替代政治组织。他认为，劳动者只是由于劳动的多少导致收入的不同，根据收入的差别分属于不同的阶层，根本不存在所谓的剥削，也不应该存在阶级统治的工具，只要签订“社会契约”，并自觉遵守契约的内容进行交换活动，就可以达到自由与秩序最完美的结合。这就是蒲鲁东的无政府主义。实现这种无政府主义构想，不需通过暴力革命，而只是一种和平演进，依靠阶级联盟使国家消失，使经济组织取代政治机构。这种小资产阶级社会主义理论，强调的是一种超阶级的人性，它是蒲鲁东坚持观念创造历史的唯心主义历史观的产物。由于其理论体现了对贫苦人民生活状况的关注，也曾吸引一部分斗争中的人民群众，起到了一定的积极作用。但是，这种希望把全部现代工业和进步统统抛弃而返回到旧口的手工劳动上去的幻想是根本违背历史发展规律的，这种理论最终对工人运动和社会主义实践都造成了非常恶劣的影响，所以，马克思对蒲鲁东的理论进行了无情的批判。也正是在这个过程中，马克思恩格斯不但指出了蒲鲁东小资产阶级社会主义理论的根本错误，同时深入阐发了自己的科学社会主义理论。本文试图通过分析蒲鲁东小资产阶级社会主义理论产生的社会基础和理论来源，叙述蒲鲁东的经济观与政治观的基本内容和理论实质，对蒲鲁东理论进行比较系统地梳理，从理解马克思唯物史观和科学社会主义的形成、成熟过程这一理论视角，阐明批判蒲鲁东理论在马克思思想发展史上的重要意义。——《论蒲鲁东小资产阶级社会主义》，南开大学博士学位论文，2012：i-ii

1. The socialism theory of Proudhon is regarded as a typical socialism theory of the petty bourgeoisie, which manifests as equalitarianism equality view and anarchism liberty view. Proudhon not only put forward an explicit theory, but also applied unique demonstration method which followed the lead of the speculative philosophy of Hegel. The content and the demonstration method of the socialism theory of Proudhon touch on a lot of basic theoretical problems that are attached to philosophy, political economy and social theories. In economic aspects, according to the labor theory of value of Proudhon, labor is considered as the measure of value and it is rational that two person are supposed to exchange their products if they are in the condition of the same amount of labor the products contain. The exchanging behavior on the basis of equality is able to make all workers get fair pay and meanwhile it also provides the basis for distributing wages and land rent evenly. It is necessary to unite the small producers to create the cooperative and to redistribute wealth with the help of national bank. Only in this way the form of distribution can be realized. Only in this way can the workers' rights be guaranteed and in the mean time the social is supposed to be reorganized to rebuild a society which is based on small-scale production. And in this society it can be only achieved to make small private ownership universalized through simple form of exchange of barter model. In political aspects, Proudhon hoped that the political organizations are supposed to be replaced by the economic organizations. He considered that the earnings of workers should only be determined by the amount of labor the workers took. According to the differences in income, the workers can be divided into different classes. And there exist no so-called exploitation at all, nor should the tool served for the ruling class exist. If members of the society sign the social contract, and take good exchanging according to the content of the contract consciously, a perfect combination of liberty and orderliness can be achieved. This is the theory of anarchism of Proudhon. In Proudhon’s thoughts, to put the theory of anarchism into practice, there is no need to appeal to the revolution of violence but appealing to the peaceful revolution, which means that coalition between different classes and the political institutions should be replaced by the economic organizations. The socialism theory of the petty bourgeoisie of Proudhon insisted that there is human nature above classes, which is the product of idealist view of history of Proudhon who considered that the history is created by ideas. To some extent the theory of Proudhon paid close attention to the living conditions of poor people so it drew attention to the people who were struggling for their rights and in some cases it had played a positive role. However, the theory of Proudhon discarded the modernization of industry and the development of technology and stepped back to rely on manual labor in the old days so as to it was just a fantasy which was against the law of historical development. To large extent the theory did great harm to the labor movements and socialist practice so Marx criticized it mercilessly in a series of his works. In this process, Marx and Engels not only pointed out the radical errors of the socialism theory of the petty bourgeoisie of Proudhon but also illustrated their scientific socialism theory. This dissertation makes an attempt to analyze the social foundation and theoretical sources of socialism theory of the petty bourgeoisie of Proudhon, elaborates the basic components and theoretical essence of social political view and economic view, clarifies the theory of Proudhon systematically, demonstrates special significance of criticizing the theory of Proudhon to the development history of Marxism from the theoretical point of view of getting through historical materialism and the formation and maturity of scientific socialism. ——《论蒲鲁东小资产阶级社会主义》，南开大学博士学位论文，2012：i-ii

网络参考例句

例句 1：
蒲鲁东的社会主义理论是典型的小资产阶级社会主义理论，主要表现为平均主义的平等观和无政府主义的自由观。——《论蒲鲁东小资产阶级社会主义》，南开大学博士学位论文，2012
The socialism theory of Proudhon is regarded as a typical soicalism theory of the petty bourgeoisie, which manifests as equalitarianism eaquality view and anarchism liberty view.

例句 2：
而在这一时期，还有许过小资产阶级社会主义分子，像杜林、蒲鲁东、拉萨尔，想通过自己的抽象公正思想，来改造资本主义不公正现实，达致他们自己认为的平等、公正。——《马克思恩格斯公正思想及其当代价值》，西南大学博士学位论文，2012
At the same time, there were so many a petty bourgeoisie-socialists, just as Dulin, Pulud and Lafair, who wanted to redevelop the unjust world by their abstract fair though to reach the fairness and justice in their heart.

例句 3：
马克思在运用唯物史观深入剖析和批判资产阶级和小资产阶级社会主义者的公平观的过程中，用述了马克思主义关于公平的理论。指出公平是一个历史的、社会的、阶级的范畴。——“马克思的公平理论与和谐社会的建构”，载于《西南农业大学学报（社会科学版）》2008年第2期
On the basis of a detailed analysis and criticism of the equity perspective held by bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie, Marx dwells on the equity theory in the perspective of Marxism and points out that equity, as a concept, is associated with history, society and class.