推论【英】

inference; to deduce; induction

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2001：1472.
[2] Lukács, G. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics[M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1968: 122.
[3] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 58.

定义

推论在形式逻辑中，通常指“推理”。但推理常常表现为判断链，只在个别情况下，可以由一个推理组成。黑格尔在《逻辑学》中，认为推论是概念和判断的统一。与传统逻辑不同，他按认识由浅入深的发展过程，将推论划分为三个阶段：(1)质的推论；(2)反思的推论；(3)必然的推论。并认为“一切事物都是推论”。黑格尔关于推论的思想虽然是唯心主义的，但是指出了推理的各格不是空洞的主观形式，而是客观事物本身关系的反映（金炳华，2003：584）。推论规则是逻辑学研究的核心内容。在另外一些情况下，推论是指推理或证明的结论。而在数理逻辑中，推论通常指推理以及其中命题的连贯性本身。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 譬如，黑格尔就对由世界的存在到神的存在的推论作了这样的解释：“因为偶然的东西不存在，所以神或绝对者存在。”但是，神学的证明恰恰相反：“因为偶然的东西有真实的存在，所以神存在。”神是偶然世界的保证。不言而喻，这样一来，相反的命题也被设定了。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第一卷）》，2002：100

1. For instance, Hegel interpreted the conclusion from the world to God as meaning: "Since the accidental does not exist, God or Absolute exists." However, the theological demonstration is the opposite: "Since the accidental has true being, God exists." God is the guarantee for the world of the accidental. It is obvious that with this the opposite also has been stated. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 104.

2. 但同时，我们也清楚地看到，也许根本就不可能有这样的规律，因此这一规定性所需要的质的规律也许正就是无规律本身。如果把必然的东西称为先验的，甚至把经验也看作是先验的。这是由于我们已经把经验推论为不可推论的。这时，对我们的问题来说重要的是：认识的主体，即自我，被把握为连内容也是已知的，并因此被把握为出发点和方法论的指南。——《历史与阶级意识：关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》，1996：192

2. At the same time we note clearly that there can be no such law and that therefore, the qualitative law required for this definition is precisely the absence of law itself. Now, if the necessary is also that which is known a priori we have in this sense perceived all facticity a priori, not excluding the empirical since this we have deduced to be non-deducible. What is relevant to our problem here is the statement that the subject of knowledge, the ego-principle, is known as to its content and, hence, can be taken as a starting-point and as a guide to method. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 122.

3. “劳动是我们所说的财富的唯一来源；因为劳动产生、加工或至少是收集自然物品。”他明确界定道：“交换根本改变不了财富的性质”。西斯蒙第对这一点有非常清醒的认知。但他要我们注意，劳动是人的劳动，财富是人的劳动的结果，财富是为人的需要而生产出来的，所以财富必须造福于人，人人都应该“享受劳动的成果”，这是一个十分完整的环环相扣的逻辑推论。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：91

3. Sismondi argues that because “only labor produces, refines, and gathers natural things, it is the only source of wealth.” He clearly points out that “exchange does not fundamentally alter the nature of wealth”. Sismondi’s understanding of this point is very clear, but he also wants us to realize that labor is done by humans, and wealth is the result of human labor, created to meet human needs. As such, wealth must serve humans and all people should enjoy the fruits of their labor; this is a complete and logically sound induction. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 58.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
在成熟的语言形成之后，语言可以用来使得那些隐晦的意义和推论进一步清晰化为规则或规范。——“从经验到社会：论杜威的语言哲学”，载于《自然辩证法研究》2016年第7期
Mature language is used furtherly to make rules or norms out of implicit meanings and inferences.

例句 2：
只有作为推论结果的意向才是合理的，推论不是个人的事情，是社会实践中形成的、为大家所遵守的实质推论。——“意向、理由与行动——兼论实用主义的相关主张”，载于《华东师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2013年第1期
In an ideal action, its intention is compatible with its reason. An intention is not rational unless it is a consequence of a material inference, which is by no means private but formed in social practice and followed by the public.

例句 3：
二者的融通主要有“易与天地准”的科学观察与人文意蕴、“兼三才而两之”科学设定与人文德性、“八卦成列，象在其中”的科学推理与人文蕴涵和“设卦观象”的科学推论与人文德行等特征。——“简论《周易》由象及理的科学之道与人文之情融通”，载于《自然辩证法研究》2010年第1期
The intermediation between the two main ideals has a series of characters including of science observation and humanities implication of associating Zhou Yi with heaven and earth, and science enactment and humanities morality of two to three gifts, and science reasoning and the humanities implication of the shape in Eight Gua-based concept, and science deduction and humanities welldoing of setting up Gua to observe shape.