字词 | 现实 |
释义 | 现实【英】reality译文来源Zhang Yibing. A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek [M]. Berlin: Canut International Publishers, 2011: 502. 定义现实,是一种哲学用语。(1)指一切实际存在的东西,即自然现象、社会历史现象和思想的总和。与“可能性”相对。是客观现实,是各种客观实在事物与现象的总和。(2)指现有事物在发展过程中表现为必然性的东西,即作为合乎规律的存在。它与虽然存在但已失去必然性的事物和现象相对(金炳华,2003:270)。古希腊德谟克里特认为现实是真实的存在,感知是从俗约定的东西。亚里士多德认为具体的实体是由质料和形式组成的。黑格尔认为现实性是必然的,对于偶然性的因素以及丧失了必然性的事物、现象都是不合理的,所以不可以称为现实,他认为凡是合乎理性的东西都是现实的,凡是现实的东西都是合乎理性的。列宁认为“……现实是本质和实存的统一……”、“现实、可能性和必然性构成绝对的几个形式的环节”、“现实高于存在并高于实存”(列宁,1990:131)。马克思主义哲学认为,一切现实的东西都是真实地存在着的,“现实的诸环节的总体、总和,现实在展开中表现为必然性”、“现实的诸环节的全部总和的展开(注意)=辩证认识的本质”(1990:132)。现实之所以是现实,其实是由于其内部具有深刻的规律性,是由必然性决定的,如果一个事物与现象只是某种趋势与可能性,还没有出现就不是现实的,但是它符合必然性要求则迟早会变为现实。相反,如果一个事物丧失继续存在的必然性则迟早会变为不现实,会被其他具有生命力的新的现实而代替。 定义来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 齐泽克说,马克思经济哲学(历史现象学)所提供的两个尺度,即物化颠倒与抽象成为统治的双重颠倒,已经为我们理解幻觉(illusion)提供了正确的方式。马克思所说的那个“尽管他们对其一无所知,但却仍然正在做”,其中的幻觉并不发生在主观的“知”上,而是真实地发生在现实自身之中,幻觉就存在于人们正在做的事情之中。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思主义思潮哲学文本解读》,2007: 391 1. According to Zizek, Marxist economic philosophy (historical phenomenology) provides two measurements, namely, the material inversion and the double-inversion of abstraction becoming the ruler, on which we depend in order to understand illusion. In Marx's saying that "they do not know it, still they are doing it", fantasy does not take place with the subjective "knowing" but occurs with the reality itself, with what people are doing. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 502. 2. 问题在于这种“抽象”并不仅仅存在于我们(金融投机者)对社会现实的错误理解上;在确定物质社会进程真正结构的特定意义上它是“真实的”:各个阶层的命运,有时是整个国家的命运都可能由“唯我论的”资本思辨之舞所决定,它追寻自己的利益而全然不顾其行动会对社会现实产生影响。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思主义思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:321 2. The problem is that this "abstraction" does not exist only in our (financial speculators) misperception of social reality; it is "real" in the precise sense of determining the very structure of material social processes: the fate of whole strata of populations, and sometimes of whole countries, can be decided by the "solipsistic" speculative dance of Capital, which pursues its goal of profitability with a blessed indifference to the way its movement will affect social reality. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 420. 3. 从早期的马克思主义到阿尔都塞的结构因果性,这是一条通过向追随者提供不准确的现实图景来支持马克思主义的思想主线。在许多方面,目的论是马克思主义的虚假意识,因而,除非消除它,否则马克思主义的政治行动决不可能获得真正的成功。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:82 3. From the early days of Marxism through to the structural causality of Althusser, this is a strain of thought which has held back Marxism by giving its followers an inaccurate picture of reality. In many ways one could say that teleology is the false consciousness of Marxism, and unless it is overcome Marxist political action will never be truly effective. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 53. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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