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字词 类比推理
释义

类比推理【英】

analogical reasoning; method of analogy; analogy

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 40) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1983: 217.
[2] analogical reasoning. via: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/analogical-reasoning.html
[3] Analogy and Analogical Reasoning. via: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-analogy/

定义

类比推理也叫类比法,是从两个(类)对象的相似性和一个(类)对象的已知特征推出另一个(类)对象也具有这个特征的过程。类比推理是人类传统的三大推理方式中最古老的推理方式,其最早的记录可以追溯到古希腊的亚里士多德。亚里士多德把类比推理称为“类推”,在其《修辞术》里又称为“例证法”,他给类比推理下了一个定义:“如果大词之属于中词是用类似小词的一个词来证明的,那就是类推;同时应当知道,中词属于小词,而大词属于类似小词的一个词”(阿·谢·阿赫曼诺夫,1980:287)。到了17世纪,随着科学革命的开始,类比理论逐渐得到发展。培根在阐述科学归纳法的时候,特别强调要注意观察事物之间的相似性,通过类比的方法来理解自然界的统一性。笛卡尔则从科学方法论的角度,首次提出类比是产生理论假说的重要途径。黑格尔更是对类比推理有深入研究,他不仅重视类比在经验科学中的作用,而且认为它是科学发现的重要途径,他把类比推理抽象为“个别——普遍——特殊”。按照不同的目的和依据,类比推理有以下种类:正类比、反类比、正反合类比,简单类比、复杂类比,经验类比、模型类比、理论类比、形式类比、实质类比、数学类比等等(阳细,2007:2-7)。

定义来源

阳细.类比推理探析[D].河南大学,2007.

例句

1. 用Lucus a non lucendo的类比法为自己命名的《晨星报》的国外新闻栏就是证明。整个英国报界的确越来越糟了,即使没有德国人的帮助。姑且不谈应该使每一个有识之士感到高兴的普遍危机的灾难性作用,在这里,不用再天天听英国人自我吹嘘“他们英国人在印度”的“英勇”,也就确实使人得救了。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十九卷)》,1971:525-526

1. Witness the foreign news of The Morning Star, a name that bears a certain analogy with lucus a non lucendo. In fact the entire English press gets worse every day, even without German assistance. Quite apart from the seismic effects of the general crisis which must delight every connoisseur, it is truly a relief when one is no longer forced to listen every day to the English self-laudations as to the ‘bravery’ of ‘their English in India’. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 40), 1983: 217-218.

2. 这里有趣的还是在火、空气同灵魂这两方面之间所确立起来的特殊差别,目的是为了证明灵魂与身体完全相适应,在这里既采用类比法,同时又扬弃它;这是一种进行虚构的意识的一般方法。因此,一切具体规定自行崩溃,得到的不是发展,而是一片单调的回音。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十卷)》,1972:39

2. Interesting here again is the specific difference between fire and air, on the one hand, and the soul, on the other, showing that the soul is adequate to the body, analogy being used and nevertheless discarded, which is in general the method of imaginative consciousness; thus all concrete determinations collapse and a mere monotonous echo takes the place of development. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1960: 413.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
作为一种特殊的推理形式和认知手段,类比推理获得了逻辑学、心理学、语言学和认知科学等多学科学者的共同关注。——“逻辑学视域下的类比推理性质探究”,载于《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2015年第4期
As a specific inference and cognition instrument, analofical reasoning has been much studied within the field of logc, psychology, linguistics and cognitive sceience.

例句 2:
类比推理是一种重要的创造性方法,可能由于其结论的或然性与逻辑学家对必然性的追求不一致,长期以来遭到冷落,理论进展缓慢。——《类比推理探析》,河南大学硕士学位论文,2010
Analogical reasoning is one of the most important creative methods. Maybe its probability conclusions is not consistent with the logicians’ pursue of the necessity, the theory had been ignored for a long time and developed slowly.

例句 3:
采用四类图片类比映射任务,考察了知觉分心对90名4岁、5岁、6岁儿童类比推理能力发展的影响,并进一步阐释影响儿童类比推理能力发展的可能机制。四类图片类比映射任务分别为一种关系无分心任务、一种关系有分心任务、两种关系无分心任务和两种关系有分心任务。——“从知觉分心任务看儿童类比推理能力的发展”,载于《心理学报》2008年第9期
Using four kinds of self-designed pitcure-mapping tasks, we explored the influence of perceptual idstraction on children’s development of analogical reasoning, and the possible mechanism underlying the development of analogical reasoning. The picture-mapping tasks included four kinds of condition: single relation with no distraction, single relation with distraction, double relations with no distraction, double relations with distraction. 90 children aged 4, 5 and 6 years participated in the study.

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更新时间:2024/11/5 9:02:11