证明【英】

proof; to prove

译文来源

[1] 金炳华，冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2001：1952.
[2] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 60.

定义

证明是指“断定一个或一些命题的真实性，通过推理确定另一命题真实性的思维过程。由论题、论据和论证方式组成。”（金炳华，2003：586）证明的客观基础是客观事物间的因果关系。在客观世界中没有无原因的结果，也没有无结果的原因。判断是反映客观事物间的关系的一种思维形式，要给真实的判断找出根据，也就要说明在判断中所反映的客观事物的因果关系。在证明中，被证明的判断叫作论题；而用来证明论题的判断叫作论据。引用论据来证明论题的真实性的论述过程叫作论证。证明中的论题所告诉我们的是要证明什么；证明中的论据所告诉我们的是用什么来证明；而整个的论述过程，也就是论证，告诉我们这是怎样证明的。证明是推理的特殊形式。从推论的过程来看，证明的思想顺序和演绎推理与归纳推理的思想顺序往往是相反的。在演绎推理与归纳推理中，思维活动的顺序是由前提过渡到结论；而在证明中，思维活动的顺序却是由论题到论据，因为它所提供给我们的是论题，我们是为了找出说明论题的根据。证明的论题相当于演绎推理与归纳推理的结论，证明的论据相当于演绎推理与归纳推理的前提。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 虽然此时前一条线索仍然是马克思的主要关注点，但他毕竟在“所有制及其结果”和“财产”这两个索引中，标注了有产者与社会、所有者与财产、占有与财产、平等与财产、政治与经济之间的重要关系。尤其重要的是，马克思开始意识到，在新的资产阶级社会中，“财产作为选举权和被选举权的条件”的意义。由此出发，在第三册中，马克思通过罗素的近代英国史进一步了解到，在18世纪末，当时英国84个市镇的所有者把157位代表送进了议会，可资产阶级的“议会的成员不是人民的代表，大部分是他们自己利益的代表”。同时，当人民与政府的意见不一致时，“下院”总是“更多地”倾向“政府一边，而不是人民一边”！这证明，“代议制基于两重幻想：统一的公民权利的幻想和代表大会是全民代表的幻想特别是等级选举法表现出人民主权的骗局”。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：138-139

1. Although the first line of thought was still the focus of Marx’s attention at this time, under the topics “ownership and its consequences” and “property,” he includes the relations between “owners and society,” “owners and property,” “appropriation and property,” “equality and property,” and “politics and economics.” Most importantly, Marx begins to realize the significance, the new bourgeois society, of property as a condition both to vote as well as to be voted into office. Proceeding from this point, in Marx’s excerpts from Lingard’s Geschichte von England he understood that at the end of the 18th century, 84 English towns sent 157 representatives to parliament; however, “the bourgeois members of parliament were not the representatives of the people, only of their own interests.” At the same time, when the views of the people differed from those of the government, the House of Commons tended most often to side with the government, and not with the people. For Marx, this proved that the system of representation was “based on two illusions: the illusion of homogeneous interests of citizens, and the illusion that parliament represented the will of the people. In particular, hierarchical voting laws demonstrated the hoax that was the so-called sovereignty of the people. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 97-98.

2. 显而易见，在早期经济学研究中，马克思对于古典经济学的社会唯物主义方法与客观思路的探索，经历了一个很大的“之”字形线路。相对于马克思此时理论运作中占主导地位的人本主义异化史观，这条新的逻辑思路才真正成为后来走向历史唯物主义的科学开端。马克思的这种重要理论生长点，不是传统研究所理解的基于费尔巴哈的自然唯物主义，而正是古典经济学中的社会唯物主义。这也就再一次证明了，马克思历史唯物主义的理论来源主要不是费尔巴哈哲学，而是古典经济学！——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：232-233

2. It is evident that in Marx’s early economics research, Marx’s investigations of the social materialist methodology and objective line of thinking of classical economics had experienced a huge zig-zag. Relative to the dominant humanist alienation conception of history that makes up the bulk of Marx’s theoretical work in this manuscript, this new logical line of thinking truly formed the scientific beginning of Marx’s move towards historical materialism. This important theoretical growing point is not Feuerbach’s natural materialism that traditional scholars understand, but rather the social materialism of classical economics. This once again proves that the theoretical source of Marx’s historical materialism is not Feuerbach’s philosophy, but rather classical economics! -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 175.

3. 可以看出，中国特色社会主义，承载着几代中国共产党人的理想和探索，寄托着无数仁人志士的夙愿和期盼，凝聚着亿万人民的奋斗和牺牲，是近代以来中国社会发展的必然选择，是发展中国、稳定中国的 必由之路。实践充分证明，中国特色社会主义是中国共产党和中国人民团结的旗帜、奋进的旗帜、胜利的旗帜。我们要全面建成小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化、实现中华民族伟大复兴， 必须始终高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，坚定不移坚持和发展中国特色社会主义。——《习近平谈治国理政》，2014：8

3. It goes without saying that socialism with Chinese characteristics encapsulates the ideals and explorations of generations of Chinese Communists, embodies the aspirations of countless patriots and revolutionary martyrs, and crystallizes the struggles and sacrifices of the myriads of the Chinese people. It is a natural choice for the development of Chinese society in modem times, and it is the only way to bring about the country’s development and stability. Facts prove that Chinese socialism is a banner of unity, endeavor and victory for the CPC and the Chinese people as a whole. We must always uphold socialism with Chinese characteristics and firmly adhere to and develop Chinese socialism in order to bring about a moderately prosperous society in all respects, accelerate socialist modernization and achieve the great renewal of the Chinese nation. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 8.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
关于上帝存在的证明问题一直被广泛地思考和讨论。——“康德对传统上帝存在观念的批判”，载于《河北理工大学学报（社会科学版）》2011年第3期
The proof about the existence of God has been widly thought and discussed.

例句 2：
研究中世纪神学的人都知道，托马斯·阿奎那在其著作《神学大全》中关于对上帝存在的证明，被称为目的论证明和宇宙论证明。——“托马斯·阿奎那关于上帝存在的证明理论”，载于《华中师范大学研究生学报》2013年第4期
As is known to all those who study the medieval theology that the proof presented by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theology to verify the existence of God has been regarded as the theory of teleological proof and cosmological argument.

例句 3：
笛卡尔力图证明意识是理解一切问题的唯一可靠出发点。——“意识有什么世界就有什么”，载于《吉林大学社会科学学报》2012年第3期
Descartes tried to prove that consciousness was the unique and stable starting point of understanding all problems.