字词 | 反常 |
释义 | 反常【英】anomaly译文来源Thomas Kuhn. via:https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thomas-kuhn/#3 定义亦译“异例”。美国库恩用语。指在常规科学研究活动中出现的与范式所预期的相反的现象或用范式解题而屡屡失败的情况。库恩认为,常规科学是一种由范式所决定的科学研究的特殊传统,是在范式支配下进行的解决疑难活动,范式既给科学家提出难题,也指出解答难题的途径,使科学家把精力都集中到他们有能力可以解决的难题上,这种收敛式研究就是常规科学进步快的原因。但在常规研究中,当按照范式,难题无法解答,或发现有时事实无法由范式加以解释时,就形成反常。科学共同体成员在确认反常存在后,一般总是致力于对反常区域扩大探索,调整范式以适应反常的存在并最后同化反常,使其转化为预期现象。这种调整即修改或补充原有范式中的一些理论假定,或增加一些辅助假说,如通过增加天王星外层还有一未知行星的辅助假说,以同化天王星轨道的反常,把它转化为牛顿力学的预期现象。但当这种调整再三失败,并且反常频频出现时,范式就面临着威胁,导致危机降临。库恩指出,重要的科学发现都始于反常。(金炳华等,2001:332) 定义来源金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001. 例句1. 在别的场合,为常规研究而设计制造的仪器未能按预期方式运行,由此而揭示出一种反常,虽经一再努力,仍不能与共同体预期相一致。通过这些方式和其他方式,常规科学一再地误人迷津。——《科学革命的结构》,2003:5 1. On other occasions a piece of equipment designed and constructed for the purpose of normal research fails to perform in the anticipated manner, revealing an anomaly that cannot, despite repeated effort, be a1igned with professional expectation. In these and other ways besides, normal science repeatedly goes astray. -Quoted from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1970: 5-6 2. 发现始于意识到反常,即始于认识到自然界总是以某种方法违反支配常规科学的范式所做的预测。于是,人们继续对反常领域进行或多或少是扩展性的探索。这种探索直到调整范式理论使反常变成与预测相符时为止。——《科学革命的结构》,2003:49 2. Discovery commences with the awareness of anomaly, i.e., with the recognition that nature has somehow violated the paradigm-induced expectations that govern normal science. It then continues with a more or less extended exploration of the area of anomaly. And it closes only when the paradigm theory has been adjusted so that the anomalous has become the expected. -Quoted from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1970: 52-53. 3. 在两种情况下,感觉到反常——即感觉到一种他的范式没有为研究者准备的现象——对导致新发现起到了关键的作用。但还是在这两种情况中,觉察到某种东西出了毛病仅仅是发现的前奏。——《科学革命的结构》,2003:53 3. In both cases the perception of anomaly-of a phenomenon, that is, for which his paradigm had not readied the investigator-played an essential role in preparing the way for perception of novelty. But, again in both cases, the perception that something had gone wrong was only the prelude to discovery. -Quoted from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1970: 57. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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