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字词 意志 
释义

意志 【英】

will

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:353.
[2] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 193.

定义

意志,指人自觉而有目的地对自己的活动进行调节的心理现象,是帮助人们克服外界障碍或内部障碍以实现某种目的的能动的主观条件,是人与动物的重要区别之处。通常表现为心理的、意识的活动,以及人们在履行义务时自觉克服困难的毅力和坚韧精神。意志具有明确的目的性、支配性的特征,具体表现为“人能根据预定的计划调节行动,使行动服从于外界客观规律,服从于道德伦理准则,从而抑制同这些计划相抵触的诱因,以克服达到目的的各种障碍。”(金炳华,2003:353)。意志的作用在于对人类的行动具有调节作用,一方面推动人从事达到预定目的所必需的行动;另一方面抑制不符合预定目的的行动。意志不仅可以调节人的外部活动,还可以调节人的心理活动和状态。辩证唯物主义认为,意志是在人们的实践活动中形成的,其产生的基础和动因来源于自客观物质世界,是以人对外部世界事物的认识和自己个人的可能性为基础,是社会发展的产物。而“唯心主义把意志看成是先天的,是人生来就具有的特性,甚至把意志看做决定人的本质的因素,是形成整个世界的因素(叔本华),把意志变成独立性的存在,走向唯意志论。”(金炳华,2003:353)。人的意志作为人相对于动物所特有的心理现象,表现了人在活动中所特有的价值定向判断、自觉目的性与选择性,体现了社会存在与政治道德准则对于人类行动的制约性和人类活动对社会存在的依存性,是人基于对客观必然性的认识而产生的自觉性。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 18世纪末德国的状况完全反映在康德的“实践理性批判”中。当时,法国资产阶级经过历史上最大的一次革命跃居统治地位,并且夺得了欧洲大陆;当时,政治上已经获得解放的英国资产阶级使工业发生了革命并在政治上控制了印度,在商业上控制了世界上所有其他地方;但软弱无力的德国市民只有“善良意志”。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)》,1956:211

1. The state of affairs in Germany at the end of the last century is fully reflected in Kant’s Kritik der practischen Vernunft. While the French bourgeoisie, by means of the most colossal revolution that history has ever known, was achieving domination and conquering the Continent of Europe, while the already politically emancipated English bourgeoisie was revolutionising industry and subjugating India politically, and all the rest of the world commercially, the impotent German burghers did not get any further than “good will”. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5), 1975: 193.

2. 尤其请大家需要着重鉴别的是,这个自然秩序已经不完全是康德那种外在的“自然意图”(固然它有时还披着神学或者封建的外衣),而是存在于人与人之间的经济活动中但不以个人意志为转移的客观规律。这种规律恰恰是通过人与人的自由竞争自发实现的。例如,自由竞争可以将劳动以正确的比例分配给各产业部门,以形成一种合理比例的自组织。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:47-48

2. We must be careful to differentiate one point, which is that the natural order spoken of by the physiocrats is not Kant’s “intention of Nature” (though it is true that the intention of Nature was sometimes described in theological or feudal terms). Rather, the natural order is an objective law, which exists in the economic activities of inter-human relationships; however, it is not determined by human will. Thus, the natural law is spontaneously realized through free competition between individuals. For instance, free competition can distribute the correct proportion of labor to various production departments, creating a natural organization of reasonable proportions. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 21.

3. 他们的基本思想(在摘自马克思著作的上述引文中也己表达得十分明确)是把社会关系分成物质的社会关系和思想的社会关系。思想的社会关系不过是物质的社会关系的上层建筑,而物质的社会关系是不以人的意志和意识为转移而形成的,是人维持生存的活动的。——《列宁全集(第一卷)》,1984:120-121

3. Their basic idea (quite definitely expressed, for instance, in the passage from Marx quoted above) was that social relations are divided into material and ideological. The latter merely constitute a superstructure on the former, which take shape independent of the will and consciousness of man as (the result) the form of man’s activity to maintain his existence. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1977: 151

网络参考例句

例句 1:
意志具有为主体自身定度行为准则的倾向,但意志受到两种原则的指引,一种是主观原则,又称准则,另一种是客观原则,即实践规律或实践法则。——《康德道德哲学中的“义务”思想》,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2011
The will has a potential tendency to make rules for agent. There are two kinds of principles impact on will, one is a subjective principle of volition called maxim, and the other is objective principle called practical law.

例句 2:
公意是主权者共同体的公共意志和最高指导,代表共同体的公共利益和社会幸福,是衡量一切的标准。——《论卢梭的公意学说》,湘潭大学硕士学位论文,2005
General Will is a public will and the upper guide of the sovereignty community, and it, which is the measure of all, represents the public interests and social happiness of the community.

例句 3:
传统理性主义
与非理性主义的共同缺失在于没有认识到:人是理性与非理性相统一的“完整的人”;从非理性作为整合体的维度,探求了非理性因索之间相互关系、作用机制及其内在结构,为非理性价值研究奠定了基础;从非理性在人的认识中作用的维度、从非理性在社会历史发展中作用的维度、从非理性在人的实践活动中作用的维度,着重阐释了非理性在上述领域的价值和作用,以此昭示:人的情感、需要、灵感、直觉、信仰、意志等非理性因素在上述领域中发挥着重要的、不可否认的积极或消极作用。——《多维视野中的非理性及其价值研究》,黑龙江大学博士学位论文,2002
The writer explores the interrelationship, functional mechanism and inner structure of the irrational factors with the irrational as a dimension of integrating entity, laying a foundation for the research on the value of the irrational, elaborates on the value and roles of the irrational in the above areas from the dimensions of the role of the irrational in human cognizance and the role of the irrational in the soci

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