字词 | 社会化 |
释义 | 社会化【英】socialisation; to socialise译文来源[1]Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 3) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977: 329. 定义社会化一词最早见于德国社会学家G·齐美尔的《社会学问题》一文。20世纪30年代以后它成为心理学、人类学和社会学共同感兴趣的重要研究领域。由于人们理解和认识社会化概念的理论背景不同,对社会化概念的认识也有所差别。较为常见的定义包括:“社会化是指作为个体的生物人成长为社会人,并逐步适应社会生活的过程”(卢元镇,2006:64)。“社会化就是通过个人和他人的相互作用,学习知识接受社会文化价值和社会生活中的行为规范的学习过程”(仇军等,2008:5)。可以看出,社会化是由自然人向社会人转变的过程;是社会将一个自然人转化为一个能够适应一定的社会文化,参与社会生活,履行一定角色行为,有着健康人格的社会人过程;也是一个自然人在一定的社会环境中通过与他人的接触与互动,逐渐地认识自我,并成为一个合格的社会成员的过程。简言之,社会化就是学习和传递一定的社会文化的过程。一方面,个体接受社会的影响,接受社会群体的信仰与价值观,学习生活生产技能和行为规范,适应社会环境;另一方面,个体作用于社会,用自己的信仰、价值观和人格特征去影响他人、社会,改造旧文化,创造出适应时代需要的新文化(车文博,2001:206)。因此,对个体来说,社会化是一个社会适应的过程;对社会而言,社会化是一个约束和控制的过程。个人社会化的途径主要是经过社会教化和自我内化这样两个方面来实现的。其中的社会教化,包括家庭教育、学校教育和社会影响。而自我内化途径,主要是指通过个人的内心活动、亲身经验实现社会化。总之,通过这些途径和形式,将社会的个体从自然人转变成一个符合社会需要的社会成员。 定义来源[1]卢元镇.体育社会学(第二版)[M].高等教育出版社,2006. 例句1. 我们的尼·一逊先生用他的“引证”肯定不会得手的。农业资本主义又向前迈进了一大步;它无限地扩大农产品的商业性生产,把许多新的国家拖上世界舞台;它把宗法式的农业从它的最后的避难所(如俄国和印度)赶了出去;它在农业中建立了空前未有的完全工厂化的粮食生产,这种生产的基础就是有极完善的机器装备的大批工人的协作;它极为猛烈地加剧了欧洲各古老国家的紧张状态,降低了地租,从而破坏了看起来似乎是最巩固的垄断,不仅在理论上而且在实践上把土地所有权“弄成荒谬的东西”;它非常突出地提出了农业生产社会化的必然性问题,甚至西方有产阶级的代表也开始感到这种必然性了。——《列宁全集(第三卷)》,1984:295 1. No,Mr. N.--on is positively out of luck with his “quotations.” Agricultural capitalism is taking another, enormous step forward; it is boundlessly expanding the commercial production of agricultural produce and drawing a number of new countries into the world arena; it is driving patriarchal agriculture out of its last refuges, such as India or Russia; it is creating something hitherto unknown to agriculture, namely, the purely industrial production of grain, based on the cooperation of masses of workers equipped with the most up-to-date machinery; it is tremendously aggravating the position of the old European countries, reducing rents, thus undermining what seemed to be the most firmly established monopolies and reducing landed property “to absurdity” not only in theory, but also in practice; it is raising so vividly the need to socialise agricultural production that this need is beginning to be realised in the West even by representatives of the propertied classes. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1977: 329. 2. 马克思没有直接意识到这个所谓劳动被提升为经济学的“唯一原则”(劳动价值论)的更深刻的意义:一是劳动成为普遍的“一”(即后来马克思在《1857—1858年经济学手稿》中所发现的社会化的抽象劳动),是现代大工业的客观产物;二是这种理论尺度恰恰能够翻转过来直接从经济现实上否定资产阶级社会。 —— 《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:227 2. Marx did not immediately realize the deeper significance of political economy’s elevation of labor to its “sole principal”(labor theory of value). The first significant point was that labor thus becomes the general “one” (the socialized abstract labor that Marx later discovered in Grundrisse) was actually an objective product of modern large-scale industry. The second significant point was that this theoretical standard could be flipped around and used to directly refute bourgeois society from economic reality. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 170. 3. 由于事物范围的极其广大,发展的无限性,所以,在一定场合为普遍性的东西而在另一一定场合则变为特殊性。反之,在一定场合为特殊性的东西,而在另一一定场合则变为普遍性。资本主义制度所包含的生产社会化和生产资料私人占有制的矛盾,是所有有资本主义的存在和发展的各国所共有的东西,对于资本主义说来,这是矛盾的普遍性。但是资本主义的这种矛盾,乃是一般阶级社会发展在一定历史阶段上的东西,对于一般阶级社会中的生产力和生产关系的矛盾说来,这是矛盾的特殊性。——《毛泽东选集(第一卷)》,1991:318 3. Because the range of things is vast and there is no limit to their development, what is universal in one context becomes particular in another. Conversely, what is particular in one context becomes universal in another. The contradiction in the capitalist system between the social character of production and the private ownership of the means of production is common to all countries where capitalism exists and develops; as far as capitalism is concerned, this constitutes the universality of contradiction. But this contradiction of capitalism belongs only to a certain historical stage in the general development of class society; as far as the contradiction between the productive forces and the relations of production in class society as a whole is concerned, it constitutes the particularity of contradiction. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 1), 1965: 329. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
随便看 |
汉译英翻译词典收录7925条汉英翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用中文字词的英语拼写、翻译、音标、读音、用法、例句等,是英语学习的有利工具。