表面性【英】

superficiality

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003：266.
[2] Superficiality. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficiality

定义

表面性指在观察和处理问题时，只看事物的表面现象或外部联系，不深入事物里面精细地研究矛盾的特点的形而上学思想方法（金炳华等，2001：95）。从认识客体方面来说，表面性来源于现实世界中现象与本质的对立。正如马克思所说，如果事物的表现形式和事物的本质会直接合而为一，一切科学就都成为多余的了（马克思，2004：925）。科学工作是极为复杂的工作，没有条件涉足和学习的人们，就只能把握同本质相对立的现象了。从认识主体方面来说，首先，其受制于认识能力。在一定阶段上，人类受生产力水平和科学技术发展程度的限制，只能认识到一定的深度，而且往往以为已经见底，这就不能不产生表面性认识。其次，认识主体还受制于文化心态。表面性的随伴心态是保守性和盲目性。表面性认识把认识过程的始点和中介当作了终点，即以为已经达到了终点，从而失去了继续前进的动力（陆剑杰，1989：55-56）。总之，由于主客观条件的限制，我们很容易犯表面性的错误。要克服表面性，就必需深入事物里面精细地研究矛盾总体和矛盾各方的特点，做足“去粗取精，去伪存真，由此及彼，由表及里”的功夫。

定义来源

[1] 金炳华.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2001.
[2] 马克思.资本论（第三卷）[M].北京人民出版社，2004.
[3] 陆剑杰.评表面性——兼论“现象—本质—现实”的认识路线[J].江汉论坛，1989（1）.

例句

1. 列宁说：“要真正地认识对象，就必须把握它的一切方面、一切联系和‘媒介’。我们决不会完全地作到这一点，可是要求全面性，将使我们防止错误，防止僵化。”我们应该记得他的话。表面性，是对矛盾总体和矛盾各方的特点都不去看，否认深入事物里面精细地研究矛盾特点的必要，仅仅站在那里远远地望一望，粗枝大叶地看到一点矛盾的形相，就想动手去解决矛盾（答复问题、解决纠纷、处理工作，指挥战争）。这样的做法，没有不出乱子的。——《毛泽东选集（第一卷）》，1991：288

1. Lenin said: “in order really to know an object we must embrace, study, all its sides, all connections and “mediations”. We shall never achieve this completely, but the demand for all-sidedness is a safeguard against mistakes and rigidity. We should remember his words. To be superficial means to consider neither the characteristics of a contradiction in its totality nor the characteristics of each of its aspects; it means to deny the necessity for probing deeply into a thing and minutely studying the characteristics of its contradiction, but instead merely to look from afar and, after glimpsing the rough outline, immediately to try to resolve the contradiction (to answer a question, settle a dispute, handle work, or direct a military operation). This way of doing things is bound to lead to trouble. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung (Vol.1), 1991: 324.

2. 然而，商人资本周转的表面性和无概念性还会更大，因为同一个商人资本的周转能够同时或依次对极不相同的生产资本的周转起中介作用。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二十五卷）》，1974：341

2. But the superficiality and meaninglessness of the turnover of merchant's capital are still greater, because the turnover of one and the same merchant's capital may simultaneously or successively promote the turnovers of several productive capitals. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37), 1998: 304.

3. 总之，我们还是只有原子与“虚空”，不管伊壁鸠鲁本人如何反对这一点。亚里士多德已经深思熟虑地指出了那种以某一抽象原则为出发点的方法的表面性，但他却没有让这一原则在高级形式中被扬弃。他称赞毕达哥拉斯派，因为他们最早使范畴脱离其基质，不把范畴看作特殊的本质，如象范畴之于谓语那样，而是认为，范畴就是内在的实体本身。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十卷）》，1982：56

3. In other words, we have nothing but the atom and the хеуоу, but despite Epicurus himself striving against this, etc. Aristotle has already in a profound manner criticised the superficiality of the method which proceeds from an abstract principle without allowing this principle to negate itself in higher forms. After praising the Pythagoreans because they were the first to free the categories from their substrate, and did not consider them as attributes of the things of which they are predicated, but as the very substance itself. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 426.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
调查显示，新疆乌鲁木齐中小学民汉合校后，维汉中学生的交往具有广泛性、表面性、多层次性和不平衡性等特点。——“新疆维汉中学生的交流与互动——来自乌鲁木齐的实证研究”，载于《北方民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2010年第2期
According to our surveys, inter-cultural communication between the Han students and Uygur students in Xinjiang is featured by extension, superficiality, multilevel and ill-balance since primary schools and middle schools of the Han students and Uygur students were merged.

例句 2：
其根本局限在于盲目人的实践性, 陷入了人性理解上的先验性和价值导向上的表面性、矛盾性及片面性。——“试析尼采的个性整体主义”，载于《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2007年第4期
The basic limitations of Nietzsche's principle in this line lies in his misunderstanding of human praxis, which leads to the transcendentalism in the interpretation of human nature and the superficiality, paradoxicality, and partiality in the orientation of values.

例句 3：
高校德育功利化倾向，是目前我国高等院校德育中需要引起关注的问题。它不仅表现为德育目标的社会本位论，也表现在德育内容的片面性和表面性上，还体现在德育方式方法的主客体颠倒及形式化方面。要消除高校德育功利化倾向，需要从以上各个方面做出努力，以提高德育工作的实效性。——“试论高校德育的功利化倾向”，载于《石家庄铁路职业技术学院学报》2005年第3期
The question of utility trend of moral education should be aroused concern in colleges’ moral education of our country at present. It embodies not only society ontology of the goal and one-sidedness and superficiality of content but also reversing of subject and object and formalization of the ways and means. Efforts form the above aspects can reverse the trend an