字词 | 对象化劳动(又作“物化劳动”) |
释义 | 对象化劳动(又作“物化劳动”)【英】objectified labor译文来源Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014:182. 定义物化劳动,亦称“对象化劳动”。凝结在生产资料或一切产品中的人类劳动。与“活劳动”相对。马克思在《资本论》中提出。一切生产过程,都是通过一定的劳动资料,把活劳动传导到劳动对象上去的过程,即活劳动的物化过程,劳动过程的结果,就是劳动产品,即物化劳动。通常有两种用法。一是作为劳动过程的物质条件,即生产过程中发挥作用的生产资料。在生产资料之中,已有前人的劳动以物质形式固定存在着,同正在发挥作用的活劳动相对而言,故又称“过去劳动”或“死劳动”。生产资料离开活劳动就会变质解体,如铁会生锈,木会腐烂。随着新的劳动过程结束,劳动对象由一种使用价值转化为另一种使用价值,体现在其中的全部物化劳动的价值都转移到新产品中去;生产工具在生产中可以多次使用,体现在其中的物化劳动的价值,则比例于生产工具的磨损程度,部分地转移到新产品中去。在资本主义制度下,“资本是死劳动,它像吸血鬼一样,只有吮吸活劳动才有生命,吮吸的活劳动越多,它的生命就越旺盛。”(《马克思恩格斯集》第23卷第260页)另一用法是作为一切劳动过程的思结果,指在一切产品中的人类劳动,既包括原已物化在生产资料中的劳动的转移部分,又包括新投入的活劳动,这时候人类劳动已与物结合在一起,因而物化劳动即指新产品(包括生产资料和消费资料),物化在商品中的劳动量就决定价值。卢卡奇在《历史与阶级意识》一书的1967年再版序言中,指出了“物化”和“异化”的区别,从而强调了物化劳动和异化劳动的区别:前者是中性现象,后者是对人的本性的压抑和扭曲。(金炳华,2003:306) 定义来源金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 在马克思看来,共产主义是对私有财产的积极扬弃,也就是说,它扬弃异化劳动,但并不否定对象化劳动。因为对象世界是人的本质的对象化,重新占有对象世界不过是人一度丧失的本质的复归。当然,这种占有不再是个人的片面的占有,而是以社会(主义)的方式,以一种“全面的方式”对人自身的全面本质的真正占有(不是私有制条件下的利己主义的占有和支配)。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:242 1. In Marx’s opinion, communism is the active transcendence of private property, which is to say, it transcends alienation while not denying objectified labor. Because the objective world is the objectification of man’s essence, re-appropriating the objective world is the reintegration of the essence that man had lost for only a time. Of course, this appropriation is no longer the one-sided appropriation of the individual, but rather social (ist) appropriation using a “comprehensive method;” the true, complete appropriation of the whole essence of man (not the selfish appropriation and dominance under the rule of private property). -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 182. 2. 马克思还指出,“在李嘉图那里,人处处要和自己的生产率打交道,在亚·斯密那里,人还在崇拜自己的创造物,所谈的还是某种一定的物,在他活动之外的物”。根据马克思的理解,资产阶级政治经济学在李嘉图那里所取得的进步首先是资本主义生产发展的结果,从手工业生产还无法脱离的对象化劳动到机器大生产中的抽象的社会化劳动的飞跃,是李嘉图的科学抽象与过去经济学家的抽象理论之间差别的基础。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:520 2. Marx goes on to point out that for Ricardo, man everywhere must relate to his own rate of production; for Adam Smith, man still worships his own creation, what he discusses is still a kind of definite material, a thing outside his activity. According to Marx’s understanding, the progress made by bourgeois political economy through Ricardo was first the result of the development of capitalist production, the leap from the objectified labor from which manufactures were unable to escape to the abstract, social labor in large-scale machine production. This leap formed the basis for the difference between Ricardo’s scientific abstraction and the abstract theories of past economists. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 410. 3. 如果用李嘉图的话来说,即“作为手段被用于新劳动〈生产〉的那种积累的〈已实现的〉劳动〈确切地说,物化劳动〉”。这句引文中括号内的补充注释是马克思自己的界说。这样,全部资产阶级经济学家就都“只看到了资本的物质,而忽视了使资本成为资本的形式规定”这句话是相当深刻的,但是,这种透视性的现象学认识在直观的旧唯物主义(包括一切哲学唯物主义特别是社会唯物主义)的语境里却是无法理解的。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:593 3. Using Ricardo’s words, capital “is accumulated (realized) labor (properly, objectified labor), which serves as the means for new labor (production).” The added parenthetical notes here were Marx’s own definitions. Thus, the bourgeois economists only see “the simple material of capital, without regard to the formal character without which it is not capital.” This comment is quite profound; however, it was impossible for the context of old observational materialism (including all philosophical materialism, especially social materialism) to grasp this penetrating phenomenological understanding. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 469. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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