字词 | 经济周期 |
释义 | 经济周期【英】commercial circle; commercial cycle; economic circle; business cycle译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 12) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1979: 98. 定义经济活动中繁荣与萧条交替出现的周期性波动,这种波动可以用国民生产总值、工业生产指数、就业人数、物价水平、利率等综合性经济指标的变动来衡量。美国经济学家W·Mitchell和A·Burns在30年代曾给经济周期下了这样一个经典性的定义:“经济周期是以商业为主的国家的总体经济活动的一种波动:一个周期包括同一时间内许多经济活动中发生的扩张,继之以同样普遍的衰退、收缩,以及引起转入下一个周期扩张阶段的复苏;这种变化的顺序重复出现但没有周期性;经济周期的时间从1年到10年或12年不等;这些周期不能再分为与它们本身的特点相似的更短的周期。”在有关经济周期的定义中,一般强调这样几个问题:第一,经济周期是以国民收入为中心的整体经济波动。第二,经济周期是现代经济(即商业经济)中不可避免的波动。第三,经济周期的基本点是每个周期都包括了繁荣与萧条的交替。一般把经济周期分为四个阶段:繁荣阶段,经济活动高于正常水平的上升阶段,其最高点称为顶峰;萧条阶段,经济活动低于正常水平的下降阶段,其最低点称为谷底。在这两个主要阶段间还有两个过渡阶段:由繁荣过渡到萧条的衰退阶段;由萧条过渡到繁荣的复苏阶段,顶峰是上升期的最高点,此后就转向下降阶段了,被称为上转折点;谷底是下降时期的最低点,此后就转向上升阶段了,被称为下转折点。 定义来源刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994. 例句1. 既然有这样的情况,而且不列颠的工商业又已经经历了通常的一个经济周期的大部分,所以可以大胆预言,中国革命将把火星抛到现代工业体系的即将爆炸的地雷上,使酝酿已久的普遍危机爆发,这个普遍危机一旦扩展到国外,直接随之而来的将是欧洲大陆的政治革命。将来会有这样一个奇怪的场面:中国在西方世界中引起动乱,但西方列强则借助于英法美等国的军舰在上海、南京和运河口建立“秩序”。这些往外输出“秩序”,企图扶持摇摇欲坠的满清王朝的列强恐怕是忘记了:仇视外国人,把他们逐出国境,这在过去仅仅是出于中国地理上、人上的原因,只是在满洲鞑靼人征服了这个国家以后才形成一种政治制度。欧洲各国从十七世纪末为了与中国通商而互相竞争,它们之间的剧烈纠纷曾经有力地推动了满洲人实行这样的排外政策,这是毫无疑义的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第九卷),1961:114-115 1. Under these circumstances, as the greater part of the regular commercial circle has already been run through by British trade, it may safely be augured that the Chinese revolution will throw the spark into the overloaded mine of the present industrial system and cause the explosion of the long-prepared general crisis, which, spreading abroad, will be closely followed by political revolutions on the Continent. It would be a curious spectacle, that of China sending disorder into the Western World while the Western powers, by English, French and American war-steamers, are conveying “order” to Shanghai, Nanking, and the mouths of the Great Canal. Do these order-mongering powers, which would attempt to support the wavering Manchu dynasty, forget that the hatred against foreigners and their exclusion from the Empire, once the mere result of China’s geographical and ethnographical situation, have become a political system only since the conquest of the country by the race of the Manchu Tartars? There can be no doubt that the turbulent dissensions among the European nations who, at the later end of the 17th century, rivaled each other in the trade with China, lent a mighty aid to the exclusive policy adopted by the Manchus. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 12), 1979: 98. 2. 但是这一次连伦敦的“经济学家”杂志,——它根据自己的原则总是用与工商业无关的偶然情况来解释危机的,——也不得不承认,1854年的破产和贸易的减少是1853年的“痉挛性的繁荣”的合乎自然的反作用的开始。换句话说,就是经济周期已经达到了过度生产和过度投机为危机代替的阶段。北美合众国就是最好的证明,东方战争涉及美国的只是在这一方面,即东方战争造成了美国的造船业和船只贸易的空前发展,保证美国的某几种原料有了销路,而过去这些原料主要是或者完全是由俄国提供的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第十卷)》,1962:638 2. However, this time even the London Economist—which, as a matter of principle, tends to explain all crises as due to accidental circumstances, extraneous to trade and industry—has been forced to admit that the commercial misfortunes and losses of 1854 are the beginning of a natural reaction against the “convulsive prosperity” of 1853. In other words, the commercial cycle has again reached the point where overproduction and over-speculation turn into a crisis. Most effective proof: the United States of North America, which were affected by the oriental war only insofar as it gave an unheard-of impetus to shipbuilding and shipping trade, and created markets for many American raw products formerly supplied exclusively by Russia. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 13), 1980: 572. 3. “生产交往的世界,可以看作是在我们称为经济周期的循环中运转的,一旦企业完成它相继进行的交易,又回到它的起点,每次的循环就完成了。起点可以从资本家得到收入,从而收回资本的时候算起;从这时起,他重新着手做以下的事情:招雇工人,并以工资的形式分给他们生活资料,或者确切地说,分给他们获得生活资料的权力;从他们那里取得他所经营的制成的物品;把这种物品送到市场去,在那里把它们卖掉,在货款中收回全部投资,而结束这一系列运动的循环。”(查默斯《论政治经济学》1832年格拉斯哥第2版第85页)。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十四卷)》,1972:173 3. “The world of trade may be conceived to revolve in what we shall call an economic cycle, which accomplishes one revolution, by business coming round again, through its successive transactions, to the point from which it set out. Its commencement may be dated from the point at which the capitalist has obtained those returns, by which hi capital is replaced to him: whence he proceeds anew to engage his workmen; to distribute among them, in wages, their maintenance, or rather, the power of lifting it; to obtain from them, in finished work, the articles in which he specially deals; to bring these articles to market and there terminate the orbit of one set of movements, by effecting a sale, and receiving, in its proceeds, a return for the whole outlays of the period” (Th. Chalmers, On Political Economy, 2nd ed., Glasgow, 1832, p. 85). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 36), 1997: 158. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
随便看 |
汉译英翻译词典收录7925条汉英翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用中文字词的英语拼写、翻译、音标、读音、用法、例句等,是英语学习的有利工具。