字词 | 知性 |
释义 | 知性【英】understanding; intellect; cognition译文来源[1] Kant's Theory of Judgment.via: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-judgment/ 定义知性,又译“悟性”、“理智”、“理解力”,德国哲学家康德和黑格尔等人的哲学用语,指取得知识的能力,也指认识、辨别、判断和解释的能力。德国古典哲学之前的哲学家们对知性有着传统意义上的理解,亚里士多德是最先对知性提出论述的人。在亚里士多德那里,知性即理智,分为积极理智和消极理智,前者接受认识的材料,后者对这些材料进行加工,形成概念,把概念联系起来。康德认为,人的认识能力有三个环节:感性、知性、理性。感性指主体自我借助于感觉经验形成直观知识的能力,知性则是指主体自我对感性对象进行思维,把特殊的、没有联系的感性对象加以综合和整理,使其联结成具有规律性科学知识的能力,所以知性是比感性高一级的认识形式。“康德认为知性的最高能力是先验统觉,由先验统觉产生出十二范畴。人的认识能力发挥其主动性,用这些范畴把感性知识结合起来,使其具有一定的形式,成为知识。”(金炳华,2003:11)。黑格尔批判地发展了康德的知性学说,他从客观唯心主义的辩证法思想出发,也把知性认识同理性认识分开,认为知性认识虽然也是由概念到判断、推理的思维活动,但知性把一切都看成是孤立静止、不相联系的,因此是一种抽象的、形而上学的思维。“康德的知性理论说明现象与本质的关系,认为由知性范畴加工于经验材料就形成现象,而本体概念与现象相对,则说明不能把现象说成物自身,因而起了极限概念的作用。”(金炳华,2003:11)。而黑格尔关于知性与理性区别的规定,恩格斯肯定了其对辩证思维的合理性和意义。 定义来源金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 伊壁鸠鲁与德谟克利特又正相反。偶然是一种只具有可能性价值的现实性,而抽象的可能性则正是实在的可能性的反面。实在的可能性就像知性那样被限制在严格的限度里;而抽象的可能性却像幻想那样是没有限制的。实在的可能性力求证明它的客体的必然性和现实性;而抽象的可能性涉及的不是被说明的客体,而是作出说明的主体。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)》,2002: 27 1. Once again Epicurus stands directly opposed to Democritus. Chance, for him, is a reality which has only the value of possibility. Abstract possibility, however, is the direct antipode of real possibility. The latter is restricted within sharp boundaries, as is the intellect; the former is unbounded, as is the imagination. Real possibility seeks to explain the necessity and reality of its object; abstract possibility is not interested in the object which is explained, but in the subject which does the explaining. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 44. 2. 人类主体通过劳动自己创造自己,这是对简单的外在神创论的直接否定。同时,在人的劳动发生之前就已经异化的自然物质,随着劳动的运作,在劳动成果的形式上被提高到精神自觉创化物的层面。而且,面对“太阳下面没有新东西”的一般的自然观照的知性科学,开始向主体性有意识的实践认识转化。这个主体有意识的劳动结果(市民社会的社会存在),被指认为观念更高级物化形式的“第二自然”,以区别于原生的完全物性化的第一自然。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009: 69 2. The assertion that through labor, subjective humanity creates itself is a direct rejection of the simple, externalized Creation theory. At the same time, through the effect of labor, the natural material that was already alienated before the emergence of human labor, was, in terms of the form of labor, elevated to the level of the products of conscious spiritual creative evolution. This also marked a conscious shift away from the noetic science of general interest in nature embodied by the biblical phrase, “nothing is new under the sun,” and towards subjective, conscious, practical knowledge. The result of this subjective, conscious labor (the social existence of civil society) can be identified as the “second nature” of the form of the Idea materialized at a higher level, as opposed to the original, completely materialized first nature. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 40. 3. 当然,康德的统觉说已从莱布尼茨那种组织低等感觉的外在统一体升华为一种新型建构理论。在此,整个感性世界首先都是由时间和空间等先验构架编制确定的。其次,全部的高级认知运动又进一步以知性范畴体系和理性框架为“先导”规定。这样,在康德看来,人类的科学真理就成了导因于自在之物而形成于“为我”的先验理性框架制约的结果了。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007: 48 3. Obviously, Kant's theory of apperception has evolved from Leibniz's external unity of the organic low senses into the formulation of a new theory. Here the whole perceptual world is firstly constructed and organized by the transcendental frames such as time and space. Next, all the high cognitive movements are further prescribed by the cognitive categories and rational framework. Then, with Kant, the truth of science is produced by the constraint of a transcendental rational framework which starts as being-in-itself and develops "for me." -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 79. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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