字词 | 无产者 |
释义 | 无产者【英】proletarian; proletariat译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 41. 定义无产者指资本主义社会中没有生产资料、出卖劳动力来维持生活的雇佣工人。他不是某一个主人的财产,而是整个资产阶级的奴隶。但他不像奴隶那样一次就被完全卖掉,而必须一天一天、一小时一小时地出卖自己。这些零星出卖劳动力的工人,同其他货物一样成了商品,经受着竞争的一切变化与市场的一切波动。如果没有人需要他们的劳动力,他们的生活就没有保障。资产者愈发财,无产者的人数也就愈众多。工业愈发展,无产者的处境也就愈来愈不堪忍受。无产者只有通过社会革命来废除一切私有制,才能解放自己。(刘佩弦,1988:66)。马克思、恩格斯在《共产党宣言》一文中指出:“资产阶级不仅锻造了置身于死地的武器,它还产生了将要运用这种武器的人——现代的工人,即无产者”(马克思等,2012:406),“由于推广机器和分工,无产者的劳动已经失去了任何独立的性质,因而对工人也失去了任何吸引力”(马克思等,2012:407)。随着工业的发展,无产者开始成立反对资产者的同盟阶级,他们逐渐联合起来,并且力量不断扩大,与资产者形成了根本对立的两大阶级——无产阶级和资产阶级。首先,在马克思和恩格斯那里,是否占有生产资料,并运用这些生产资料进行雇佣剥削,是判断“无产者”与“有产者”的基本依据;其次,在《共产党宣言》一文中,“无产阶级”与“工人阶级”、“无产者”与“劳动者”或“工人”基本上是同义语。马克思和恩格斯认为,在资本主义条件下,劳动者或工人就是无产者;工人阶级,既是劳动阶级,也是无产阶级。对此,例如,《共产党宣言》中指出:“现代工人,即无产者”,“无产阶级是指没有自己的生产资料、因而不得不靠出卖劳动力来维护生活的现代雇佣工人阶级”。 马克思认为“无产者”人人占有生产资料才能摆脱“物的依赖”,最终达到人的“自由个性”。 定义来源[1] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第一卷)[C].人民出版社,2012. 例句1. 蒲鲁东在否定私有财产的同时,也感觉到需要对私有财产的存在作历史的辩解。像所有这一类最初的尝试一样,蒲鲁东的论断也带有实用的性质,这就是说,他假定过去的各代人都是完全自觉地和深思熟虑地努力把他认为真正代表人类本质的平等思想体现在自己的各种制度中。“我们一再地提起这一点…...蒲鲁东是为了无产者的利益而写作的”。是的,激励蒲鲁东去写作的不是自满自足的批判的利益,不是抽象的,人为的利益,而是群众的、现实的、历史的利益,是超过简单的批判的利益,也就是导致危机的利益。蒲鲁东不单是为了无产者的利益而写作,他本人就是无产者,ouvrie(工人)。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二卷):神圣家族》,1957:50-51 1. While negating private property, Proudhon feels the need to justify the existence of private property historically. His argument, like all first arguments of this kind, is pragmatic, i.e., he assumes that earlier generations wished consciously and with reflection to realise in their institutions that equality which for him represents the human essence. “We always come back to the same thing…Proudhon writes in the interest of the proletarians.” He does not write in the interest of self-sufficient Criticism or out of any abstract, self-made interest, but out of a mass-type, real, historic interest, an interest that goes beyond criticism, that will go as far as a crisis. Not only does Proudhon write in the interest of the proletarians, he is himself a proletarian, an ouvrier. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family, 1975: 41. 2. 后工业的新无产者甚至构不成一个阶级,而它与工作世界之间是如此的疏离,以至于它完全不会诉诸于自身的阶级意识或团结意识。在后工业社会的前进过程中,新无产者正在变成一个“非工人的非阶级”(a non-class of non-workers):—个在任何一种马克思主义图式中都没有位置的范畴。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2001:10 2. The post-industrial neo-proletariat does not even constitute a class, and the extent of its alienation from the world of work is such that it is impervious to all appeals to its class consciousness or sense of solidarity. Given the onward march of post-industrial society, the neo-proletariat is on its way to becoming ‘a non-class of non-workers’: a category that can have no place in any Marxist scheme. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2011: 6. 3. 因此,《共产党宣言》中关于正统派及其代表即共产党人的任务的论述并未丧失其意义和价值:“共产党人同其佳无产阶级政党不同的地方只是:一方面,在各国无产者的斗争中,共产党人强调和坚持整个无产阶级的不分民族的共同利益;另一方面,在无产阶级和资产阶级的斗争所经历的各个发展阶段上,共产党人始终代表整个运动的利益。” ——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:75 3. Hence the words of the Communist Manifesto on the tasks of orthodoxy and of its representatives, the Communist, have lost neither their relevance nor their value: “The Communists are distinguished from the other working-class parties by this only: 1. In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front the common interests of the entire proletariat, independent of nationality. 2. In the various stages of development which the struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie has to pass through, they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole.” -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 24. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
随便看 |
汉译英翻译词典收录7925条汉英翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用中文字词的英语拼写、翻译、音标、读音、用法、例句等,是英语学习的有利工具。