字词 | 不变资本 |
释义 | 不变资本【英】constant capital译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998: 247. 定义可变资本的对称。指资本家用于购买生产资料的那部分资本。生产资料主要包括机器设备、厂房、原材料、燃料和辅助材料等。在资本主义社会,资本家所预付的资本分为两部分:一部分用于购买生产资料,另一部分用于购买劳动力。这两种资本形式在价值增殖过程中起着不同的作用。用于购买生产资料的这部分资本,在生产过程中,只是将原有的价值转移到新产品中。这里有两种情形:一类是原材料、燃料这部分生产资料在生产过程中是一次性完全消耗,它们的价值也是一次性转移到新产品中;另一类是机器、设备等生产资料,可以多次重复使用,从而它们的价值是一部分一部分地转移到新产品中去。虽然这两部分不变资本的价值转移方式有所不同,但是它们的共同特征是只将原有的价值转移过去,并不发生价值量变化,因此,并不增殖价值。不变资本和可变资本的划分,是马克思的伟大功绩之一。它对于进一步揭露资本主义剥削的秘密有着重要意义。不变资本的性质表明,它不是剩余价值的来源,只是资本增殖的物质手段。不变资本的概念并不排斥生产资料发生价值变动的可能。生产资料的价值量由生产它的社会必要劳动时间决定。但是,生产资料的价值变动并不改变生产资料作为不变资本的性质(卢之超,1993:http://kns.cnki.net/kns/brief/default_result.aspx)。 定义来源卢之超.马克思主义大辞典[Z].中国和平出版社,1993. 例句1. 事实上,这样把国外市场扯到“实现”问题上来,有没有哪怕是一星半点的道理呢?现实问题就是:如何为每一部分资本主义产品按价值(不变资本、可变资本和额外价值)和按物质形态(生产资料,消费品,其中包括必需品和奢侈品)在市场上找到替换它的另一部分产品。很明显,在这种情况下,应当把对外贸易撇开,因为把对外贸易扯在一起丝毫也不能促进问题的解决,而只会拖延问题的解决,把问题从一国转移到数国。——《列宁全集(第三卷)》,1984:27 1. Indeed, is there even a grain of common sense in this dragging of the foreign market into the problem of “realisation”? The problem of realisation is how to find for each part of the capitalist product, in terms of value (constant capital, variable capital and surplus-value) and in its material form (means of production, and articles of consumption, specifically necessities and luxuries), that other part of the product which replaces it on the market. Clearly, foreign trade must here be excluded, for dragging it in does not advance the solution of the problem one iota, but merely retracts it by extending the problem from one country to several. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1977: 46. 2. 但是,劳动生产力的发展间接促使现有资本价值增加,因为它增加了使用价值的数量和种类,而这些使用价值体现同一交换价值,并形成资本的物质实体,物质要素,即那些直接构成不变资本和至少间接构成可变资本的物品。用同一资本和同一劳动会创造出更多的可以转化为资本的物品,而不管它们的交换价值如何。这些物品可以用来吸收追加劳动,从而也可以用来吸收追加的剩余劳动,由此形成追加资本。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十五卷上)》,1974:277 2. Indirectly, however, the development of the productive power of labour contributes to the increase of the value of the existing capital by increasing the mass and variety of use values in which the same exchange value is represented and which form the material substance, i. e., the material elements of capital, the material objects making up the constant capital directly, and the variable capital at least indirectly. More products which may be converted into capital, whatever their exchange value, are created with the same capital and the same labour. These products may serve to absorb additional labour, hence also additional surplus labour, and therefore create additional capital. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37), 1998: 247. 3. 资本主义生产离开对外贸易是根本不行的。但是,假定正常的年再生产规模已定,那也就是假定,对外贸易仅仅是以使用形式或实物形式不同的物品来替换本国的物品(Artikel——商品),而不影响价值关系,也就是不影响生产资料和消费资料这两个部类互相交换的价值关系,同样也不影响每一部类的产品价值所能分解成的不变资本、可变资本和剩余价值的关系。——《列宁全集(第四卷)》,1984:41-42 3. “Capitalist production does not exist at all without foreign commerce. But when one assumes normal annual reproduction on a given scale one also assumes that foreign commerce only replaces home products [Artikel - goods]* by articles of other use- or bodily form, without affecting value-relations, hence without affecting either the value relations in which the two categories ‘means of production’ and ‘articles of consumption’ mutually exchange, or the relations between constant capital, variable capital, and surplus - value, into which the value of the product of each of these categories may be divided. –Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 4), 1977: 56-57. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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