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字词 政治上层建筑
释义

政治上层建筑【英】

political superstructure

译文来源

McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. London: Macmillan Press, 1998: 1.

定义

政治上层建筑,指社会上层建筑中涉及政治、法律制度及其设施的部分,是社会上层建筑的重要组成部分,包括社会的政治、法律制度、军队、警察、法庭、监狱、政府部门、党派等国家机器和政治组织等等。其核心是国家政权,“在政治上层建筑中,国家是阶级社会整个上层建筑的核心,直接体现统治阶级的利益和意志,具有强烈的阶级性。其中的军队、警察、法院、监狱等强制机构是思想社会关系的物质的附属物”(金炳华,2003:311)。斯大林在《马克思主义和语言学问题》中明确把上层建筑分为观点和制度两个方面,前者为思想上层建筑,后者为政治上层建筑。其中,政治上层建筑本质上是根据一定的政治法律观念创设的一种思想的社会关系,“如封建的政治法律制度是根据封建等级观念、特权思想创设的,资本主义的政治法律制度是根据孟德斯鸠、卢梭等人的国家学说创设的,社会主义的政治法律制度是根据科学社会主义思想创设的”(金炳华,2003:311)。政治上层建筑与思想上层建筑二者是辩证统一关系,相互区别,相互联系,相互制约,共同构成一个完整的社会的上层建筑。政治上层建筑被创设出来以后,具有相对的独立性,反过来支配各个时代人们的观念和思想。政治上层建筑和思想上层建筑的实质都是思想关系,二者与经济基础相互作用,统一为社会形态,由社会经济基础所派生,其性质以及发展变化都由经济基础决定,又反作用于经济基础,对经济基础的存在和发展有促进或阻碍作用。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 在马克思称之为其研究工作的“主导线索”中,他认为自己已经表明:生产关系的总和,即人类组织社会生产及使用工具的方式,构成了社会的真正基础;在此基础上,出现了法律和政治上层建筑,并形成了与此基础相适应的一定的意识形态。因此,人类进行基本生活资料生产的方式决定了人类整个社会的、政治的和精神的生活。但是,在人类发展的一定阶段,生产力的发展会超过生产关系。这时,生产关系就会成为生产力发展的桎梏。这样的阶段就会开创一个社会革命的时期。只有当这些生产力在现存生产关系下发展到了尽可能充分的程度,旧的社会秩序才会崩溃。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:1

1. In what he called the ‘guiding thread’ of his studies, Marx considered himself to have shown that the sum total of relations of production—the way men organised their social production as well as the instruments they used—constituted the real basis of society on which there arose a legal and political superstructure and to which corresponded definite forms of consciousness. Thus the way men produced their means of subsistence conditioned their whole social, political, and intellectual life. But at a certain stage in their evolution the forces of production would develop beyond the relations of production and these would then act as a fetter. Such a stage inaugurated a period of social revolution. These productive forces had to develop to the fullest extent possible under the existing relations of production before the old social order would Perish. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 1.

2. 马志尼先生最近给法国皇帝写了一封信,从文学的观点来看,这封信大概在他的著作中要占首屈一指的地位。马志尼的许多作品所固有的那种假装热情、一味夸大、冗长噜囌和故弄玄虚的现象(这可以说是他所创立的那个意大利文学派别的特征),在这封信里只能看到少许的痕迹。同时可以看到,他的视野已变得较为广阔。到再在为止,他一直是欧洲共和派形式主义者的领袖。这些人只注意国家的政治形式,而不能理解作为政治上层建筑的基础的社会组织的意义。他们以其虚伪的理想主义自豪,认为研究经济现实有损自己的尊严。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第十二卷)》,1962:450

2. M. Mazzini has recently addressed a letter to the French Emperor, which, in a literary point of view, must hold, perhaps, the first place among his productions. There are but few traces left of that false sublimity, puffy grandeur, verbosity and prophetic mysticism so characteristic of many of his writings, and almost forming the distinctive features of that school of Italian literature of which he is the founder. An enlargement of views is also perceptible. He has, till now, figured as the chief of the Republican formalists of Europe. Exclusively bent on the political forms of the State, they have had no eye for the organization of society on which the political superstructure rests. Boasting of a false idealism, they have considered it beneath their dignity to become acquainted with economical realities. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 15), 1964: 485.

3. 罗-柯夫的错误就在于,他可笑地过高估计了农奴制经济向资产阶级经济的“转变”,这是一。第二,他忘记了一个“细节”(正是这个“细节”把马克思主义者同自由派区别开了),那就是:他忘记了政治上层建筑适应经济转变的过程的复杂性和飞跃性。只要举出普鲁士的例子,就足以说明罗—柯夫的这两个错误。在普鲁士,尽管整个资本主义的发展,特别是旧地主经济向资产阶级经济的转变已经达到非常高的阶段,但是直到现在,奥登堡家族和海德布兰德家族仍然势力极大,他们掌握着国家政权,并且使自己的所谓社会成分充斥整个普鲁士君主国和整个普鲁士官僚机构!——《列宁全集(第二十卷)》,1989:400

3. R-kov’s error is, first, in ridiculously exaggerating the “conversion” of feudal economy into bourgeois economy, and, secondly, in forgetting a “trifle”—just the sort of “trifle” that distinguishes a Marxist from a liberal—namely, the intricacy and spasmodic nature of the process of adaptation of the political superstructure to economic transformation. To explain these two errors of R-kov’s it is sufficient to cite the example of Prussia where to this day, despite the considerably higher level of development of capitalism in general, and of the conversion of the old landowning economy into bourgeois economy in particular, the Oldenburgs and the Heidebrands are still omnipotent and control state power, their social substance permeating, as it were, the entire Prussian monarchy, the entire Prussian bureaucracy! -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 17), 1977: 316.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
对上层建筑定义应予再思考,即不能再把上层建筑固定划分“思想上层建筑”和“政治上层建筑”; 而应从语言学、解释学角度解释马克思、恩格斯在表述自己的思想时怎样使用这一概念、赋予了它哪些意义。——“马克思、恩格斯使用上层建筑概念之比较”,载于《清华大学学报( 哲学社会科学版)》2012年04期
We should make a reflection of the definition of superstructure which could not be divided rigidly into the two categories as the superstructure in thought and the superstructure in politics,but should be interpreted from the perspectives of linguistics and hermeneutics and be related to the context of the word being used in Marx’s and Engels’ works and the meanings the word is given within it.

例句 2:
经济基础决定政治上层建筑,人民问责权只能建立在“政治解放”基础上,而后者则只能建立在市场经济和市民社会充分发展基础上。——《问责权法治化研究》,苏州大学博士学位论文,2010
The economic base determines the political superstructure. Democratic accountability activities can only be built on the “political emancipation” basis, while the latter can only be built in a full developed market economy and civil society.

例句 3:
影响国际关系变动的因素,有一般因素即生产力、经济制度、上层建筑(包括政治上层建筑和思想上层建筑)等,也有具体因素即国际分工、世界市场、国际贸易、国际信贷、国际货币体系、经济全球化和区域经济一体化等。——“国际金融和经济危机与国际关系的调整”,载于《河北经贸大学学报》2014年02期
The general factors influencing the change of international relations include productivity, economic system and superstructure which including political superstructure and the ideological superstructure, etc. There are specific factors including internati

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