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字词 康采恩
释义

康采恩【英】

concern

译文来源

[1] McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. Translated by Zhang Yibing. London: Macmillan Press, 1998: 30.
[2] Concern (business).via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concern_(business)

定义

康采恩是高级垄断组织形式,晚于卡特尔、辛迪加、托拉斯出现,规模更为庞大。
 康采恩原意为多种企业集团,是一种通过由母公司对独立企业进行持股而达到实际支配作用的垄断企业形态。一般情况下,基本是由集团中的银行以及其他金融企业来担当控股公司这一角色。这种垄断形态与卡特尔以及托拉斯不同,它的直接目的不是支配市场。在资本集中方面上,康采恩比卡特尔和托拉斯更加进步。
 参加康采恩的不仅有单个资本家的企业,而且有集团资本家的垄断企业如辛迪加、托拉斯等;不仅包括许多工业企业、运输公司、矿业公司等生产性单位,而且还包括银行、保险公司、商业公司、其他服务性公司等非生产性单位。大工业企业和大银行是该组织的核心,它们除了经营本身的业务外,还把一部分资本投入参加康采恩的其他企业中去,通过参与制掌握这些企业的股票控制权。参加康采恩的企业形式上虽然具有独立性,但实际上却受居于核心地位的大工业企业或大银行的控制。垄断资本家通过这种形式,控制着比其本身资本大几倍甚至几十倍的资本,以加强垄断统治,攫取高额垄断利润。
 在资本主义经济发展史上,康采恩到19世纪末、20世纪初才在主要资本主义国家先后形成。它的产生和发展,控制着经济、政治、文化以及社会生活的各个方面,充分体现了垄断资本主义时期银行资本与工业资本融合为金融资本的重要特点。第二次世界大战以后,在主要资本主义国家中,垄断组织日益向综合多样化发展,康采恩也有了诸如实力增强、对国家的控制和利用加强、家族色彩淡化等一系列的变化。它已成为最突出、最典型和占优势地位的垄断组织形式。
 日本在第二次世界大战之前存在的各大康采恩集团也被称为财阀,比较有名的有三井、三菱、住友、安田等等。在2000年左右,中国和日本开始出现的各种“控股公司”以及“集团总公司”,也被认为属于康采恩垄断(康采恩.via: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E9%87%87%E6%81%A9)。

定义来源

康采恩.via: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E9%87%87%E6%81%A9

例句

1. 不过,在伯恩施坦看来,中产阶级的数量不仅正在增加,而且随着日益增长的工业康采恩和政府官僚机器雇用的白领工人的出现,其构成成分也发生了变化。根据对非对抗性政治发展的可能性的乐观见解,伯恩施坦认为,这个中产阶级将最终站在工人一边——但只是当工人已成为资产阶级社会(从一个秩序化的和文明化的社会制度这个意义来说的)的成员时才是这样。考茨基也意识到一个“新中产阶级”正在产生,但他总是坚持认为,即便这个阶级的生活方式是资产阶级的,他们却终究要无产阶级化、并加入到阶级斗争中去。因为他们的经济地位基本上是无产阶级的,其政治态度必然要受到影响,从而会反映出这种经济地位来。虽然考茨基有时也意识到,德国许多中产阶级的群体具有潜在的反动因素,但无论他还是伯恩施坦,在对这个阶级最终采取的政治态度所持的信念上,都犯了悲剧性的错误。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:25

1. But, according to Bernstein, the middle class was not only increasing but also changing in composition with the advent of white-collar workers employed in the ever-growing industrial concerns and governmental bureaucracy. True to his optimistic view of the possibility of non-antagonistic political development, Bernstein considered that this middle class would eventually side with the workers, but only when the workers had become members of bourgeois society in the sense of an ordered and civilised social system. Kautsky also realised that a ‘new middle class’ was coming into existence, but he always maintained the view that, however bourgeois their life-style might be, they would eventually become proletarianised and enter the class struggle. For their economic position was essentially proletarian and, under the impact of automation, their political attitudes would come to reflect this. Although Kautsky sometimes realised that potentially reactionary motives of many middle-class groupings in Germany, both he and Bernstein were tragically mistaken in the faith they placed in their eventual political attitudes. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 30.

2. 现在,英国工厂的数目空前增加,而它的官方的政党都正在完全腐烂下去,法国的全部国家机构已经变成一个巨大的进行投机活动的交易所康采恩,奥地利则处于破产前夕,积聚得到处皆是的不公平现象行将引起人民的报复,反动的列强本身利益互相冲突,俄国再一次向全世界显示出它的侵略野心。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第九卷)》,1961:116

2. It is unnecessary to dwell on the political consequences such a crisis must produce in these times, with the unprecedented extension of factories in England, with the utter dissolution of her official parties, with the whole State machinery of France transformed into one immense swindling and stock-jobbing concern, with Austria on the eve of bankruptcy, with wrongs everywhere accumulated to be revenged by the people, with the conflicting interests of the reactionary powers themselves, and with the Russian dream of conquest once more revealed to the world. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 12), 1979: 99-100.

3. 1855年,Crédit Mobillie本来已经完全准备好了发行24000万法郎的这种债券,——这是该公司的章程所许可的,——但是土伊勒里宫的“崇高的智慧”制止了这种打算。Crédit Mobillie把纸币的这种发行叫做增加自己的资本;而普通人却宁肯把它叫做增加Crédit Mobillie的债务。总之,1856年3月,Crédit Mobillie为政府所逼迫而不得不停住,Sociétés en Commandite的竞争,金融危机和Crédit Mobillie自己的纸币的未能发行,所有这些情况充分说明为什么该公司的股息会减少。在这家规模巨大的骗人的康采恩以往所有的报告书中,都是把以股份工业公司代替个人的工业企业吹嘘成这个康采恩的特点和革新。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第十二卷)》,1962:225

3. In 1855, the Crédit Mobilier was just about emitting 240,000,000 of francs in such obligations, an issue authorized by its statutes, when “the exalted wisdom” of the Tuileries cut short the operation. Such an issue of fiduciary money the Crédit Mobilier calls augmenting its capital; common people are more likely to call it augmenting its debts. The forced halt, then, imposed on the Crédit Mobilier by the Government in March, 1856, the competition of the Sociétés en Commandite, the financial crisis, and the non-issue of its own paper money, all these circumstances will sufficiently account for the fall of its dividends. In all former reports of this great swindling concern, the substitution of industrial joint-stock companies for private industry has been trumpeted as the specialty, and novelty of the institution. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 15), 1986: 275-276.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
为了广泛实现反对限制竞争法的保护目的,康采恩在限制竞争法的框架中被视为单一体,其所属企业间的协调不再属于该法保护范围,并由此得以完全免除卡特尔局的规制。——“在多元法律中的经济单一体:经济监督法中德国康采恩的地位”,载于《内蒙古师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版》2011年第6期
In order to achieve wide protection of Act against Restraints on Competition(Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschrnkungen), Konzern is seen as a single one in this framework. The coordination between their respective companies no longer belong to the protection of this law, and thus be entirely free from the regulation of The Federal Cartel Office(Bundeskartellamt).

例句 2:
企业集团模式主要指康采恩模式,其治理结构的特点:1.内部组织结构具有鲜明的层次感;2.母公司对成员企业实行垂直控制的管理制度;3.职工参与监督,监事会是最大的裁判者和最后的发言人;4.经营范围上一业为主、精业为要;5.银行通过持股和长期贷款有效控制企业集团的运行。德国企业集团治理结构和监督机制的优越性在于:1.能够更好地实现企业集团“最优的所有权安排”;2.能够更好地实现企业集团的长远发展;3.能够获得更好的交易效率。——“浅谈企业集团治理结构和监控机制的主要特点”,载于《新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003年第9期
The pattern of the German enterprises groups is of the Concern and the paper summarizes the governance mechanism and advantages of its governance mechanism and supervising system.

例句 3:
关联企业,在西方出现的顺序概念是:控股公司;从属公司;公司体系;关联公司;关联企业(康采恩)。——“关联企业从属公司少数股东与债权人保护”,载于《广西青年干部学院学报》2004年第5期
Associated (or affiliated)enterprises age the association(or affiliation)of the assets by some independent enterprises through the contract or other forms.

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更新时间:2024/6/29 8:39:14