字词 | 类 |
释义 | 类【英】species译文来源Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 4. 定义哲学中以“类”为核心的思想追求肇始于西方世界,古希腊哲学对“世界的惊异”中,已蕴涵着实存性生命个体与身外之生存现象的意向性“类关系”。如柏拉图的“理念”、亚里士多德的“本体”,不仅抽象出“存在的共性”,也涵盖了“一切个体的差异性”。然而古希腊哲学对世界本原、万物生成的理解并未求得人性的现实根据。随着理智对自身信念的丧失,怀疑主义的盛行,最终导致理智化的“类意识”在古希腊哲学的自身否定中让渡给了“信仰”,即类意识在中世纪宗教文化中实际上是以一种神秘主义方式加以延展的。西方哲学中以“类”为核心概念的思想理论推源于费尔巴哈。他用“类”取代上帝,实现了对宗教神学的批判,又以其“类”哲学揭示了黑格尔思辨哲学的神学本质,这为其确立唯物论的人本学哲学观奠定了思想前提。在费尔巴哈哲学那里,“类”指谓人的本性,体现人的“内在生活”或“类生活”。马克思则以实践观点的思维方式超越了黑格尔实体性思维逻辑和费尔巴哈人本学哲学立场,从人的生命活动入手赋予“类”以真实的历史内涵与人性逻辑,真正实现了类和人本性的内在统一(李树铭,胡海波,2008:74)。 定义来源李树铭,胡海波.觉解西方“类”哲学理念的中国方式——从费尔巴哈哲学的“类”概念谈起[J].理论探讨,2008(5). 例句1. 费尔巴哈把宗教的本质归结于人的本质。但是,人的本质并不是单个人所固有的抽象物,实际上,它是一切社会关系的总和。费尔巴哈不是对这种现实的本质进行批判,所以他不得不:(1)撇开历史的进程,孤立地观察宗教感情,并假定出一种抽象的——孤立的——人类个体;(2)所以,他只能把人的本质理解为“类”,理解为一种内在的、无声的、把许多个人纯粹自然地联系起来的共同性。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)》,1956:5 1. Feuerbach resolves the essence of religion into the essence of man. But the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In its reality it is the ensemble of the social relations. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence, is hence obliged: To abstract from the historical process and to define the religious sentiment by itself, and to presuppose an abstract—isolated—human individual. Essence, therefore, can be regarded only as “species”, as an inner, mute, general character which unites the many individuals in a natural way. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5), 1975: 4. 2. 马克思是这样评价费尔巴哈的“类”的,他只能把它“理解为内在的、无声的、把许多人纯粹自然地联系起来的共同性”。(《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》,《全集》第3卷第5页)。任何和费尔巴哈类似的观点一点也不比费尔巴哈的高明,甚至常常是极其不如他的。——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:259 2. Thus Marx says of Feuerbach’s use of the term ‘species’ -and all such views fail to advance beyond Feuerbach add many indeed do not go as far—that “it can be understood only as the inward dumb generality which naturally unites the many individuals”. 6th Thesis on Feuerbach. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1968: 219. 3. 这是因为,在一个最终是静止的世界里(尽管它的不运动由象“相同物的无穷复归”,或者象生物学的和形态学的生长发育阶段的“有规律的”更迭这类虚假运动所掩盖)使关于个体或类等等的真理相对化,是一回事,再在一个具体的,特特的历史过程中揭示出各种“真理的具体的历史的作用和意义则完全是另一回事。——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:276 3. For it is one thing to relativise the truth about an individual or a species in an ultimately static world (masked though this stasis may be by an illusory movement like the “eternal recurrence of the same things” or the biological or morphological ‘organic’ succession of periods). And it is quite another matter when the concrete, historical function and meaning of the various ‘truths’ is revealed within a unique, concretised historical process. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1968: 187. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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