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字词 简单劳动(又作简单平均劳动)
释义

简单劳动(又作简单平均劳动)【英】

simple labour; unskilled labour

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 35) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1996: 54-55.
[2] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 2) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972: 263.

定义

简单劳动与复杂劳动相对,指在一定的社会条件下一般劳动者都能胜任的劳动,无需特别的技术专长、知识和技能训练,简单劳动一般表现为体力劳动。马克思指出:“比重复杂的劳动只是自乘的或不如说多倍的简单劳动,因此,少量的复杂劳动等于多倍的简单劳动”(马克思,恩格斯,1973:58)。也就是说,在同一时间内,复杂劳动所创造的劳动价值量数倍于简单劳动。因此,在确定复杂程度不同的劳动所形成的价值量时,必须把复杂程度不同的劳动折合为平均的简单劳动。在以私有制为基础的商品经济中,这种折算行为是通过无数次交换行为自发地进行的,“是在生产者背后由社会过程决定的,因而在他们看来,似乎是由习惯确定的”(马克思,恩格斯,1973:58)。而在公有制的商品生产条件下,这种折算有可能通过社会计划机关自觉地进行。但既然存在商品生产,人们劳动发展程度上的差别,只能通过价值迁回曲折地反映了,并以此作为比较人们劳动、制定各类产品价格的依据。简单劳动和复杂劳动的差别在一定条件下是相对稳定的,但从社会发展的观点考察,它们之间的差别不是不变的,过去的复杂劳动,现在或将来可以变为简单劳动,甚至相反(周治平,1979:30)。

定义来源

[1] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)[M].人民出版社,1973.
[2] 周治平.正确认识简单劳动和复杂劳动的差别[J].学术研究,1979(4).

例句

1. 简单平均劳动虽然在不同的国家和不同的文化时代具有不同的性质,但在一定的社会里是一定的。比较复杂的劳动只是自乘的或不如说多倍的简单劳动,因此,少量的复杂劳动等于多量的简单劳动。经验证明,这种简化是经常进行的。一个商品可能是最复杂的劳动的产品,但是它的价值使它与简单劳动的产品相等,因而本身只表示一定量的简单劳动。各种劳动化为当作它们的计量单位的简单劳动的不同比例,是在生产者背后由社会过程决定的,因而在他们看来,似乎是由习惯确定的。为了简便起见,我们以后把各种劳动力直接当作简单劳动力,这样就省去了简化的麻烦。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)》,1972:58

1. Simple average labour, it is true, varies in character in different countries and at different times, but in a particular society it is given. Skilled labour counts only as simple labour intensified, or rather, as multiplied simple labour, a given quantity of skilled being considered equal to a greater quantity of simple labour. Experience shows that this reduction is constantly being made. A commodity may be the product of the most skilled labour, but its value, by equating it to the product of simple unskilled labour, represents a definite quantity of the latter labour alone. The different proportions in which different sorts of labour are reduced to unskilled labour as their standard, are established by a social process that goes on behind the backs of the producers, and, consequently, appear to be fixed by custom. For simplicity's sake we shall henceforth account every kind of labour to be unskilled, simple labour; by this we do no more than save ourselves the trouble of making the reduction. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 35), 1996: 54-55.

2. 可是,每个时代的人们从事劳动生产的具体情况和前提性条件又不一样,原始社会中的简单劳动与今天的信息化生产中的劳动显然是异质的,这是劳动观念的抽象“只有对于这些条件并在这些条件之内才具有充分的适用性”的方面。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:239

2. Nevertheless, the particular circumstances and preconditions of labor in a given period are not the same, e.g. simple labor in primitive societies observably differs from today's labor engaged in information-based production, which rightly proves that the conceptual abstraction of labor only ful1y applies for and within these conditions. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 318.

3. 演讲人利用英国经济学家的材料,详细地阐明了资本的积聚怎样扩大分工(由于简单劳动代替熟练劳动,它使劳动力更为便宜),机器怎样排挤工人,大资本怎样使小企业主和小食利者破产,怎样加剧危机而造成更多失业人口。从他的分析中得出的结论是,贸易自由不外是资本发展的自由。——《列宁全集(第二卷)》,1984:229-230

3. And quoting data given by English economists the speaker went on to explain in detail how the concentration of capital increases the division of labour, which cheapens labour-power by substituting unskilled for skilled labour, how the machines oust the workers, how big capital ruins the small industrialists and small rentiers and leads to the intensification of crises, which still further increase the number of unemployed. The conclusion he drew from his analysis was that Free Trade signifies nothing but freedom for the development of capital. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 2), 1972: 263.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
但若深化对这一理论的研究,我们还能发现,从简单劳动和社会必要劳动时间这两个前提出发,我们完全能获得劳动生产率与单位商品价值量关系的另一解:劳动生产率的变化(提高或降低),与劳动者劳动量的支付能力成正比,与单位商品价值量的大小无关,与单位时间内商品的价值总量成正比。——“关于劳动生产率影响商品价值量问题的思考”,载于《青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003年第3期
But if we make a deeper study of the theory, we can find that we can get another answer of the relationship between the labour productivity and the value quantity of per unit commodity when we start with the two prerequisites: simple labour and social necessary labour time, that is, the change of labour productivity, such as improvement can enhance the labourer’s ability to defray quantity of labour, which has nothing to do with the size of the value quantity of commodity and is in direct proportion to total value quantity of commodity in per unit time. 

例句 2:
以简单劳动密集为特征的东莞经济模式(以下简称“东莞模式”),不仅优于笼统的劳动密集模式和粗放经营模式,而且最接近于无资本创造资本的情况,故可称之为“准刘易斯模式”。——“论劳动力市场需求约束条件下的东莞经济模式”,载于《东莞理工学院学报》1994年第1期
The economic model of Dongguan (abbreviated to “Dongguan Model”) with the feature of simple labour intensity is not only superior to the general model of labour intensity and extensive operation, but also most approaches the circumstance of creating capital under the condition of no capital, therefore it can be called “Quas-Lewes Model”.

例句 3:
创造价值的抽象劳动是简单的社会平均劳动。简单劳动是抽象劳动与社会平均劳动的统一体。它的质是抽象劳动,是脑力劳动与体力劳动的融合。它

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