字词 | 简单劳动(又作简单平均劳动) |
释义 | 简单劳动(又作简单平均劳动)【英】simple labour; unskilled labour译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 35) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1996: 54-55. 定义简单劳动与复杂劳动相对,指在一定的社会条件下一般劳动者都能胜任的劳动,无需特别的技术专长、知识和技能训练,简单劳动一般表现为体力劳动。马克思指出:“比重复杂的劳动只是自乘的或不如说多倍的简单劳动,因此,少量的复杂劳动等于多倍的简单劳动”(马克思,恩格斯,1973:58)。也就是说,在同一时间内,复杂劳动所创造的劳动价值量数倍于简单劳动。因此,在确定复杂程度不同的劳动所形成的价值量时,必须把复杂程度不同的劳动折合为平均的简单劳动。在以私有制为基础的商品经济中,这种折算行为是通过无数次交换行为自发地进行的,“是在生产者背后由社会过程决定的,因而在他们看来,似乎是由习惯确定的”(马克思,恩格斯,1973:58)。而在公有制的商品生产条件下,这种折算有可能通过社会计划机关自觉地进行。但既然存在商品生产,人们劳动发展程度上的差别,只能通过价值迁回曲折地反映了,并以此作为比较人们劳动、制定各类产品价格的依据。简单劳动和复杂劳动的差别在一定条件下是相对稳定的,但从社会发展的观点考察,它们之间的差别不是不变的,过去的复杂劳动,现在或将来可以变为简单劳动,甚至相反(周治平,1979:30)。 定义来源[1] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)[M].人民出版社,1973. 例句1. 简单平均劳动虽然在不同的国家和不同的文化时代具有不同的性质,但在一定的社会里是一定的。比较复杂的劳动只是自乘的或不如说多倍的简单劳动,因此,少量的复杂劳动等于多量的简单劳动。经验证明,这种简化是经常进行的。一个商品可能是最复杂的劳动的产品,但是它的价值使它与简单劳动的产品相等,因而本身只表示一定量的简单劳动。各种劳动化为当作它们的计量单位的简单劳动的不同比例,是在生产者背后由社会过程决定的,因而在他们看来,似乎是由习惯确定的。为了简便起见,我们以后把各种劳动力直接当作简单劳动力,这样就省去了简化的麻烦。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)》,1972:58 1. Simple average labour, it is true, varies in character in different countries and at different times, but in a particular society it is given. Skilled labour counts only as simple labour intensified, or rather, as multiplied simple labour, a given quantity of skilled being considered equal to a greater quantity of simple labour. Experience shows that this reduction is constantly being made. A commodity may be the product of the most skilled labour, but its value, by equating it to the product of simple unskilled labour, represents a definite quantity of the latter labour alone. The different proportions in which different sorts of labour are reduced to unskilled labour as their standard, are established by a social process that goes on behind the backs of the producers, and, consequently, appear to be fixed by custom. For simplicity's sake we shall henceforth account every kind of labour to be unskilled, simple labour; by this we do no more than save ourselves the trouble of making the reduction. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 35), 1996: 54-55. 2. 可是,每个时代的人们从事劳动生产的具体情况和前提性条件又不一样,原始社会中的简单劳动与今天的信息化生产中的劳动显然是异质的,这是劳动观念的抽象“只有对于这些条件并在这些条件之内才具有充分的适用性”的方面。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:239 2. Nevertheless, the particular circumstances and preconditions of labor in a given period are not the same, e.g. simple labor in primitive societies observably differs from today's labor engaged in information-based production, which rightly proves that the conceptual abstraction of labor only ful1y applies for and within these conditions. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 318. 3. 演讲人利用英国经济学家的材料,详细地阐明了资本的积聚怎样扩大分工(由于简单劳动代替熟练劳动,它使劳动力更为便宜),机器怎样排挤工人,大资本怎样使小企业主和小食利者破产,怎样加剧危机而造成更多失业人口。从他的分析中得出的结论是,贸易自由不外是资本发展的自由。——《列宁全集(第二卷)》,1984:229-230 3. And quoting data given by English economists the speaker went on to explain in detail how the concentration of capital increases the division of labour, which cheapens labour-power by substituting unskilled for skilled labour, how the machines oust the workers, how big capital ruins the small industrialists and small rentiers and leads to the intensification of crises, which still further increase the number of unemployed. The conclusion he drew from his analysis was that Free Trade signifies nothing but freedom for the development of capital. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 2), 1972: 263. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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