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字词 托拉斯
释义

托拉斯【英】

trust

译文来源

McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. Translated by Zhang Yibing. London: Macmillan Press, 1998: 27.

定义

托拉斯是资本主义垄断组织的一种高级形式,指由许多生产同类商品或在生产上有密切关系的企业为了垄断某些商品的产销,以获取高额利润而组成的大垄断企业。托拉斯本身就是一个独立的企业组织。参加者在法律上和业务上完全丧失其独立性,而由托拉斯的董事会掌管所属全部企业的生产,销售和财务活动,原来的企业主成为托拉斯的股东,按照股权的多少分得利润。托拉斯有各种不同类型,主要是以金融控制为基础的托拉斯和以企业完全合并为基础的托拉斯。前一种托拉斯的参加者保持形式上的独立,实际上完全从属于总公司。总公司的权力是以拥有托拉斯的股票额为基础,这种总公司实际上是一种持股公司,托拉斯的大股东通过掌握足以对整个企业组织进行控制的股票额来实行金融控制,并占有利润的主要部分。后一种托拉斯是由同类企业而组成,或者由强大的企业吞并实力较弱的同类企业而组成。这种类型的托拉斯的总公司是直接掌握产销的业务公司。托拉斯是比卡特尔和辛迪加更为稳定的垄断组织形式。独立企业的所有者或股份公司在加入托拉斯后,即丧失其原有的独立性而成为托拉斯的股东。每一参加者只有通过拥有大量股票来取得对托拉斯的控制权,也只有通过出售股票来退出托拉斯。在托拉斯内部,争夺股票控制权的斗争是很激烈的。托拉斯是资本积聚和生产集中高度发展的产物。美国是托拉斯最发达的国家,自从19世纪末美孚石油公司成为第一个托拉斯组织以后,托拉斯在美国的发展极为迅速,在主要工业部门中取得了支配地位。德国、英国和西欧其他一些国家,托拉斯的出现稍晚于美国,但是在第一次世界大战后,托拉斯组织也有了迅速发展(刘伟,1994:268)。

定义来源

刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994.

例句

1. 伯恩施坦敏锐地把握到自1895 年起开始出现的经济福利主义的新含义:在上世纪(19世纪——译者注)最后几年,实际工资大幅度提高,并产生了“工人贵族”,他们在革命运动中可能丧失掉不少东西。伯恩施坦观察到,卡特尔、托拉斯和垄断资本的增长,就像伴随而来的生产的社会化和所有权与管理权的分离一样,都是些有重大意义的现象。根据这些因素,再加上信贷工具的增加和通讯与信息服务的巨大改善,伯恩施坦断定,资本主义获得了一种自我调节的能力。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:23-24

1. Thus Bernstein was quick to register the new sense of economic well-being that started in 1895: the last few years of the century saw a rapid rise in real wages and the creation of a ‘labour aristocracy’ who might have a lot to lose in a revolution. Bernstein saw that the growth of cartels, trusts and monopoly capital were important phenomena, as were the concomitant socialisation of production and the separation of ownership and control. From these factors, together with the increase in credit facilities and enormously improved communication and information services, Bernstein concluded that capitalism was gaining in ability to regulate itself. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 27.

2. 在回答柏姆一巴维克(Böhm-Bawerk)对马克思的攻击时,希法亭曾提出了区分边际学派与马克思主义这两派经济学方法的明确界限,因而早就名噪一时了。在《金融资本》中,他一开始就分析了信用机构日益控制工业促使公司所有制不断壮大的趋势。这一趋势之所以加剧,是由于资本密集化产业为了保护自己免遭利润率下降的必然要求所致。社会上决策者的人数在缩减,日益实行自觉的调控和计划,而银行对卡特尔和托拉斯的控制则与日俱增:“工业资本中愈来愈多的部分不再归使用资本的工业家所有。他们只能运用资本,因为银行仍然是资本的占有者。另一方面,银行需要把投入工业中的更多的资本作为固定资本,于是银行在更大的规模上成为工业资本家。银行资本,即货币形式的资本,实际上已转化为工业资本,也就是我所称为的金融资本。” ——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:59

2. Hilferding had already gained prominence by offering, in his reply to Böhm-Bawerk’s attack on Marx, the clearest definition of the distinction between the marginalist and the Marxist approach to economics. He began with an analysis of the growing control of credit institutions over industry leading to a growing corporate ownership. This was enhanced by the necessity of capital-intensive industries to protect themselves against the falling rate of profit. There was a narrowing of the number of decision-makers in society, more conscious control and planning, and increasing control of cartels and trusts by banks: ‘an ever-increasing part of the industrial capital belongs no longer to the industrialists who employ it. They only dispose of capital thanks to the banks who remains its owner. On the other hand, the bank must immobilise an ever greater part of its capital in industry. Thus the bank becomes an industrial capitalist on an ever greater scale. Bank capital, that is, capital in the form—that is what I call finance capital.’ -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 64.

3. 列宁认为,帝国主义现象是与资本主义性质的改变——即成长为垄断资本主义——紧密联系在一起的。20世纪初,当发达的经济操纵在集中于卡特尔和托拉斯的银行控制下的金融资本手中,这种垄断形式的资本主义便取代了竞争的资本主义。早期资本主义的形式是以商品输出为典型特征,而垄断资本主义则输出资本。过剩的资本不能用于国内(因为对资本家来说,这就意味着降低利润),而是“输出国外,输出到落后的国家去,以提高利润。在这些落后的国家里,利润通常都是很高的,因为那里资本少,地价比较贱,工资低,原料也便宜”。事实上,这又导致把世界分割为各个国际卡特尔的势力范围。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:95

3. According to Lenin, the phenomenon of imperialism was tied to a change in the nature of capitalism: the growth of monopoly capitalism. This form of capitalism superseded competitive capitalism at the beginning of the twentieth century when the advanced economies came to be dominated by finance controlled by banks which were themselves concentrated in cartels or trusts. The former type of capitalism was typified by the export of goods: monopoly capitalism exported capital. The surplus capital could not be used at home (for this would mean a decline in profits for the capitalists) but ‘for the purpose of increasing profits by exporting capital abroad to the backward countries. In these backward countries profits are usually high, for capital is scarce, the price of land is relatively low, wages are low, raw materials are cheap. This in turn led to the de facto division of the world into the various spheres of influence of international cartels. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 104.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
由于公共政策对契约法对象的系统性“掠夺”,有些契约进入反托拉斯法域;由于公私法身份区别,契约在反托拉斯法域似乎已经死亡。——“反托拉斯法:契约的死亡还是契约的再生?”,载于《江西财经大学学报》2010年第2期
As the predatory effect of public policy on the subjects of the contracts,the contract is often deemed to be dead once it enters the antitrust law jurisdiction.Due to the difference between the public law and the private law.

例句 2:
美国反托拉斯法治实践表明,反垄断立法、执法、司法与经济理论、经济研究范式具有正相关性。——“美国反托拉斯法中的经济学理论发展及启示”,载于《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2010年第3期
US anti-trust legal practice shows that the enactment,enforcement and practice of the anti-Trust law have a positive correlation with economic theoretical and economic research paradigmatic explorations.

例句 3:
美国反托拉斯法价值目标的重心在不断变化。——“试论美国反托拉斯法价值目标的变化”,载于《南京师大学报(社会科学版)》2003年第1期
The objectives of American Antitrust act often varies.

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更新时间:2024/6/29 10:45:50