直接证实【英】

direct verification; to directly verify/prove

译文来源

[1] Brief notes on the indirect and direct methods for the verification of hypothesis. via: http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100314370/brief-notes-on-the-indirect-and-direct-methods-for-the-verification-of-hypothesis.html
[2] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990:232.
[3] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014:352.

定义

逻辑实证主义者关于区分经验科学和形而上学的原则，确定科学分界的标准。由石里克、卡尔纳普和奥地利纽拉特等人提出和倡导。他们认为一个科学陈述是有意义的，当且仅当它原则上是可证实的。这是逻辑实证主义的最基本原则，也是它所认定的确立科学知识的原则。逻辑实证主义把科学知识划分为事实命题(经验命题)和形式命题(数学和逻辑命题)两类。证实原则是事实命题的意义性标准，证实即由经验事实赋予事实命题以意义。事实命题包括观察命题和理论命题。观察命题可以直接证实或间接证实。直接证实借助概率归纳逻辑根据经验证据作出，是或然的证明。经直接证实的观察命题称为基本命题，即为原子命题，对它不可再加以逻辑分析。不可直接证实的观察命题通过间接证实来授义，即通过演绎推理由之导出可直接证实的观察命题。前者作为观察命题所包含的经验内容通过逻辑必然联系由后者来保证。理论命题的意义由观察命题通过对应规则来保证，这种规则犹如“逻辑桥梁”一样把经验内容从后者输送给前者。证实原则又是清除形而上学的原则。形而上学的命题无法根据经验证实来判定真假，故没有意义;它们徒具陈述句的语法形式，却没有认识内容，只有情感内容，故不是事实命题。形而上学的命题也不是形式命题，是无意义的伪命题。（夏基松，1987：229）

定义来源

夏基松.现代西方哲学辞典[Z].安徽人民出版社，1987.

例句

1. 第二，可见，马克思在《德意志意识形态》中对广义历史唯物主义的一般表述(主要是逻辑思路1)，其实是一种抽象出来的社会历史本质的逻辑。在一定的意义上，它是“无现象”的，即无法直接在生活中得以指认。生产、再生产、生产力和社会关系都不是可见的实体存在，特别是它们作为社会本质的生产方式是无法用感性经验直接证实的。—— 《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：452

1. Second, the general expression (primarily “line of thought 1”) of the general theory of historical materialism in Marx’s The German Ideology was actually the logic of the abstract essence of social history. In a certain sense, it is “without phenomenon,” i.e., it is impossible to immediately identify it in real life. Production, reproduction, productive forces, and social relations do not have visible, substantive existence. In particular, as the modes of production that lie at the essence of society, they cannot be sensuously, empirically, or directly verified. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 352.

2. 在威尔士被英国人征服以前数世纪，即至迟于十一世纪所制定的古代威尔士的法律，还表明有整个村落共同耕作的事情，虽然这只是一种普遍流行的早期习俗的稀有残余；每个家庭有供自己耕作的五英亩土地；此外，另有一块土地共同耕种，收获物实行分配。就其跟爱尔兰和苏格兰类似这一点来说，毫无疑问这种农村公社乃是一种氏族或氏族分支，即使对威尔士法律的重新考查——我没有时间去这样做（我的摘要是在1869年做的）——未必能直接证实这一点。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二十一卷）》，1965：150

2. The old Welsh laws, written several centuries before the English conquest, not later than the eleventh century, still show communal field agriculture for whole villages, be it only as an exceptional remnant of a former universal custom. Every family had five acres for its own cultivation; another plot was at the same time cultivated in common and its yield divided. Judging by the Irish and Scottish analogies there cannot be any doubt that these village communities represent gentes or subdivisions of gentes, even if a reinvestigation of the Welsh laws, which I cannot undertake for lack of time (my notes are from 1869 ), may not directly corroborate this. What, however, the Welsh sources, and the Irish with them, do prove directly is that among the Celts pairing marriage had not yet given way by any means to monogamy in the eleventh century. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26), 1990: 232.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
詹姆士认为真理具有可证实性，他提出了两种证实真理的方法，即真理的直接证实和真理的间接证实。真理的真实性并不是天生的，但是我们可以通过真理的可证实性在经验中证实观念的真与假。——《詹姆士实用主义真理观探析》，山东师范大学硕士学位论文，2011
William asserts that truth can be verified and he brought forward two ways: direct verification of truth and indirect verification of truth. The authenticity of truth is not inborn, but we can verify the truthfulness of an idea in experiences through verifiability of truth.

例句 2：
真理既有绝对的一面，又有相对的一面，是绝对性与相对性的统一；真理是观念证实它本身的过程，这种证实包括直接证实和间接证实两种方式。——“再论詹姆士的实用主义真理观”，载于《齐鲁学刊》2003年第2期
Truth is absolute on one hand and relative on the other hand. It is the integrity of absoluteness and relativity. Truth is the process of verifying the concept and the verification can be either direct or indirect.

例句 3：
同时，詹姆士提出了真的证实，包括两种形式，一是直接证实，即与实际的实在的证实；二是间接证实，或者说是潜在的可能的证实，二者同样有效，并且间接证实运用起来比直接证实更合算、更方便。——《评析詹姆士的实用主义真理观》，吉林大学硕士学位论文，2007
Meanwhile, James has suggested true verification, includes two forms, one is to confirm directly, being verification of actual honest, the other is to confirm indirectly, it is also the latent possible verification, they have the same effective, that moreover indirect verification application is more convenient than direct verification.