实证科学【英】

positive science; positivist science

译文来源

[1] Lukács, G. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1968: 11.
[2] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 312.

定义

实证即实际证明、实际印证。实证科学就是可以通过实验或事实证明其正确的科学论断或概念。16世纪以来，自然科学摆脱神权统治走上独立发展的道路，这一时期的科学强调始于经验，终于经验，要求知识具有确定性和肯定性，与中世纪经院哲学的空洞和荒诞的思辨及说教形成鲜明对比，因此，人们把这一时期的自然科学称为经验科学或实证科学。实证科学从伽利略的试验方法开始，经过经典力学、热学、电磁学等学科的发展，被推广到化学、生物学等多个学科领域，已成为现代科学方法的基础（钱时惕，2006：44）。但是，实证科学并不等同于终极真理，它应当随时准备接受新的事实的检验，并伴随着人们认识能力和事物本身的发展而发展；同时我们也不能保证现代实证科学的探索方法就是探索宇宙真理的唯一方法。

定义来源

钱时惕.实证科学方法——物理方法之精粹[J].物理通报，2006，（11）.

例句

1. 他的“批判”的顶点是把辩证法同这两者截然区分开来，他把辩证法描述成为“一门实证科学”，“所谓马克思主义中的真正辩证法主要就是指这种科学”。这种辩证法或许叫做“对抗”更恰当，因为它简单地“主张个人的私利同限制它的社会形式之间存在对立”。——《历史与阶级意识——关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》，1996：59-60

1. His “criticism” culminates in the sharp separation of dialectics from both and he describes it as a “piece of positive science” which “is what is chiefly meant by talk of real dialectics in Marxism”. This dialectic might more aptly be called “antagonism”, for it simply “asserts that an opposition exists between the self-interest of an individual and the social forms in which he is confined”. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1968: 11.

2. 在恩格斯那里，哲学可以有实现和付诸实践的内容这一观念是不存在的，因为恩格斯预期有一天，“在以往的全部哲学中仍然独立存在的，就只有关于思维及其规律的学说——形式逻辑和辩证法。其他一切都归到关于自然和历史的实证科学中去了”。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》，2008：9

2. There was no notion that philosophy might have a content to be realised and put into practice; for Engels anticipated a time when “what still survives of all former philosophy is the science of thought and its laws—formal logic and dialectics. Everything else is merged in the positive science of Nature and History”. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 11.

3. 这种转变，基于马克思经济学视域中的更为基础性的重大转向，即从主体方面立足于无产阶级政治立场对资产阶级政治经济学的直接否定转向对它的基本肯定。通过《布鲁塞尔笔记》和《曼彻斯特笔记》，马克思已经发现，李嘉图是唯一没有浪漫色彩的人，他眼里只有客观现实性。而李嘉图式的社会主义经济学家的思想对马克思的重要影响，就是直接确证了一个逻辑，即基于资产阶级政治经济学的客观逻辑，才能真正现实地找到打倒资产阶级社会统治的现实道路。这样，政治经济学就成了马克思此时的全部思想和理论论述的基础（配第意义上的“实证科学”），但这是经过改造了的现实批判逻辑。因为，在资产阶级经济学家那里，资产阶级社会生产方式支配和建构起来的经济现实是非批判的，全部政治经济学的科学同样也是非批判的，这也就是说，马克思此刻的思想理论基础是建立在对古典经济学的政治立场的超越之上的。这是一个新的重要支援背景。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：403

3. This shift was rooted in the more fundamental, important shift in Marx’s economic outlook, i.e., the shift from direct refutation of bourgeois political economy from the standpoint of the proletariat to the basic affirmation of bourgeois political economy. Through his Brussels Notes and Manchester Notes, Marx had already discovered that Ricardo was the only philosopher devoid of romantic inclinations; he cared only for objective reality. The philosophy of the Ricardian socialist economists had already influenced Marx into accepting a new conclusion: the objective logic based on bourgeois political economy was the only thing capable of truly pointing out the real road to the overthrow of bourgeois society. Thus, political economy here becomes the foundation of all of Marx’s thinking and theoretical expression at this time (Petty’s “positivist science”).However, Marx’s logic is the logic of restructured critique of reality. This is because for the political economists, the economic reality controlled and constructed by bourgeois modes of production was non-critical; thus the whole science of political economy was also non-critical. Therefore, the foundation of Marx’s philosophical theories at this time was built on the supersession of the classical political economic standpoint. This is a new and important subsidiary awareness. -Quoted from Back to Marx：Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 312.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
泰勒的科学管理理论包含或隐藏着深刻的哲学意蕴。它强调管理理论的科学化，这种科学实即实证科学，它背后隐藏着工具理性的精神。——《泰勒科学管理理论的辩证思考》，华中师范大学硕士学位论文，2012
Taylor's scientific management theory contains deep philosophical implication. It emphasizes the scientific of the management theory, that is empirical science, it conceals the spirit of instrumental rationality.

例句 2：
既然历史唯物主义不是思辨的历史哲学，那么我们如何给其定位，它与历史科学、历史哲学、实证科学的关系又是如何。——《历史哲学还是历史科学——关于历史唯物主义理论特征的理解》，吉林大学硕士学位论文，2011
Since historical materialism is not the dialectical historical philosophy, then how can we locate it, what is the relationship among the historical science、historical philosophy and empirical science.

例句 3：
如果说中世纪曾经或一直被人们所误解，那么就有了为中世纪正名的必要，剔除中世纪是一个完全黑暗的传统观念，从而揭开中世纪的真实面貌，文艺复兴不是横空出世，它是历史发展到一定阶段的产物，与基督教相对的异端思想，崇尚理性与实证科学方法，为后来近代科学思想的诞生奠定了基础。——《论中世纪异端思想及其对近代科学产生的影响》，哈尔滨师范大学硕士学位论文，2012
Thus, it’s necessary to clear the misunderstand. I Excluding the traditional concept that the Middle Ages was completely dark, this paper will reveal the truth of the Middle Ages. It will tell us Renaissance was the product of historical development to a certain stage instead of turning out suddenly, and the heretical thoughts relative with the Christian founded for the birth of the modern science thought, which advocated the rational and empirical scientific method.