字词 | 强化作用 |
释义 | 强化作用【英】reinforcement译文来源reinforcement. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement 定义强化作用是美国行为主义心理学家斯金纳提出的概念,意指一种动作如果连续达到该动作所要达到的目标,则达到这种动作的可能性就能增强。斯金纳还以其设计的实验工具即斯金纳箱来证实这种强化作用。在斯金纳箱中,老鼠第一次压杠杆得到食物是偶然的,连续两次、三次得到食物则产生了一个强化作用。如连续几次没有得到食物,则这种强化作用又会消失。斯金纳把这种强化作用运用于人的现实社会中,认为强化并不总是一致的或连续的,甚至在间歇强化时,学习也在发生,行为也连续不断。比如要去滑雪,并不总是能找到好的雪地;打电话给朋友,并不总是可以找到朋友接听电话。这就是不可能由强化而控制的行为。由于有这种情况的不同,斯金纳又提出“定时强化”和“定比强化”的概念。定时强化是指在一定时间的间距中给予一次强化,如每四分钟给予老鼠一次食物。定比强化不以时间为标准,而是在一次满足后,要在若干次的失败后,再给予一次强化的满足。斯金纳将这种定时强化与定比强化运用于说明工厂中的计时工资与累进计算工资所产生的行为主义效果(冯契,2001:1129)。 定义来源冯契.哲学大辞典(修订本)[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001. 例句1. 这样看来,中国共产党尚未完全摆脱20世纪30年代影响了所有共产主义政党的斯大林主义的阴影。由于党割断了同它被认为代表了的无产阶级的联系,使得它与其说处于一个代表的位置,不如说是处在指挥的地位上,而这一事实进一步强化了斯大林主义的影响。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:235-236 1. The Party has thus never completely escaped from the influence of Stalinism in the 1930s that affected all Communist Parties. This Stalinist influence was reinforced by the fact that the Party, cut off from the proletariat that it was supposed to be representing, was forced into the position of commanding rather than representing. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 247. 2. 在经济上既不是资本主义成分占优势,也不是社会主义成分占优势的过渡时期的紧急关头,速度就是根本性的问题。正是经济形势的这一特性,要求采取大规模地把来自农业的剩余价值转到国有部门中去的办法来强化工业化,而不管党的领袖们愿意与否。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:123 2. Speed was of the essence in the critical transition period when the economy had neither the advantages of capitalism nor those of socialism: the very nature of the economic situation would require intensive industrialization by means of a massive movement of surplus value from the agricultural to the state-owned sector irrespective of the wishes of the Party leadership. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 132. 3. 不同于大多数委员会共产主义者,赖希把希望寄托在妇女和青年身上。这些人比社会上其他人受压抑更深,因而更有机会看透这种压抑的机制。像其他委员会共产主义者一样,赖希也认为,布尔什维主义由于强化了党和工会的集权主义体制,为法西斯主义铺平了道路。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:182 3. Unlike most of the Council Communists, Reich placed his confidence in women and in the young; who, as more subjugated than the rest of society, had a better chance to see through the mechanism of repression. Like the other Council Communists, Reich thought Bolshevism prepared the way for Fascism by reinforcing in parties and Trade Unions authoritarian structures. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 190. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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