运动战【英】

mobile warfare

译文来源

Mao Tse-tung: Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 2) [C]. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965: 53.

定义

毛泽东曾指出：“运动战，就是正规兵团在长的战线和大的战区上面，从事于战役和战斗上的外线的速决的进攻战的形式。”在国内战场上进行运动战的主要特点是：以正规兵团在长战线大的战区内，在具有进攻性和流动性特点的战役和战斗中，集中优势的兵力，实行以速决战、歼灭战为主的机动作战（张斌，2009：8）。运动战曾在国内战场发挥重要作用。遵义会议明确指出：“在运动战中消灭敌人是我们工农红军的特长。”“我们的战略路线应该是决战防御（攻势防御），集中优势兵力，选择敌人的弱点，在运动战中，有把握的去消灭敌人的一部或大部，以各个击破敌人，以彻底粉碎敌人的围剿。”这一新的军事战略要求红军各级指挥员必须实现“从阵地战战术（短促突击）到运动战战术的坚决的迅速的转变”，使自己“具有高度的运动战战术”，并能做到“灵活的、艺术的、出奇制胜的运用运动战的战略战术原则”。这实际上是明确确立了运动战为以后红军长征中新的战略指导原则。它特别强调红军在运动中即在大踏步的前进和后退中有把握地消灭敌人。要求红军“有把握的求得胜利”，“必须寻求有利的时机与地区去消灭敌人”，在不利的条件下，“应该拒绝那种冒险的没有胜利把握的战斗”。“因此红军必须经常的转移作战地区，有时向东，有时向西，有时走大路，有时走小路，有时走老路，有时走新路，而唯一的目的是为了在有利条件下求得作战的胜利。”（庹平，1996：23）
抗美援朝战争初始阶段，中国人民志愿军实行战略反攻的任务，决定了仍需要实行运动战这种具有进攻性和流动性的机动作战。但与国内战场不同的是，志愿军在朝鲜面对的敌人是拥有绝对优势装备的现代化美军，因此在运动战中遇到一系列新问题：美军强大的航空兵完全控制了战区的上空，志愿军白天行动受到极大的限制；朝鲜是一个狭长的半岛，战线短，纵深回旋余地小，不利于中国军队的大范围突进；美军拥有大量坦克和炮兵，步兵也全部实现了摩托化，突击能力强，机动迅速，志愿军步兵以徒步行动很难抓住敌人等等。这其中武器装备问题尤为突出（张斌，2009：8）。因此志愿军主要运用集中优势兵力歼灭敌人、增强运动隐蔽性和突然性和正确利用夜战等方式解决遇到的困难，成功对敌人实施打击。
运动战在军事领域有广泛的运用，是军事界的一种重要战术和理论。

定义来源

[1] 张斌.论抗美援朝战争中的运动战与阵地战[J].英才高职论坛，2009（1）.
[2] 庹平.论红军长征中的运动战战略[J].中共党史研究，1996（5）.

例句

1. 敌人在我们这个大国中占地甚广，但他们的国家是小国，兵力不足，在占领区留了很多空虚的地方，因此抗日游击战争就主要地不是在内线配合正规军的战役作战，而是在外线单独作战；并且由于中国的进步，就是说有共产党领导的坚强的军队和广大的人民群众的存在，因此抗日战争就不是小规模的，而是大规模的；于是战略防御和战略进攻等等一全套的东西都发生了。战争的长期性，随之也是残酷性，规定了游击战争不能不做许多异乎寻常的事情，于是根据地的问题、向运动战发展的问题等等也发生了。——《毛泽东选集（第二卷）》，1960：405

1. It is in these circumstances that vast areas have come under enemy occupation and that the war has become a protracted one. The enemy is occupying vast areas of this large country of ours, but Japan is a small country, she does not have sufficient soldiers and has to leave many gaps in the occupied areas, so that our anti- Japanese guerrilla warfare consists primarily not in interior-line operations in support of the campaigns of the regular troops but in independent operations on exterior lines; furthermore, China is progressive, that is to say, she has a staunch army and broad masses of people, both led by the Communist Party, so that, far from being small-scale, our anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare is in fact large-scale warfare. Hence the emergence of a whole series of problems, such as the strategic defensive, the strategic offensive, etc. The protracted nature of the war and its attendant ruthlessness have made it imperative for guerrilla warfare to undertake many unusual tasks; hence such problems as those of the base areas, the development of guerrilla warfare into mobile warfare, and so on. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 2), 1965: 80.

2. 总的来说，主要的方针有下列各项：（一）主动地、灵活地、有计划地执行防御战中的进攻战，持久战中的速决战和内线作战中的外线作战；（二）和正规战争相配合；（三）建立根据地；（四）战略防御和战略进攻；（五）向运动战发展；（六）正确的指挥关系。这六项，是全部抗日游击战争中的战略纲领，是达到保存和发展自己，消灭和驱逐敌人，配合正规战争，争取最后胜利的必要途径。 ——《毛泽东选集（第二卷）》，1960：407

2. Generally speaking, the main principles are as follows: (1) the use of initiative, flexibility and planning in conducting offensives within the defensive, battles of quick decision within protracted war, and exterior-line operations within interior-line operations; (2) co-ordination with regular warfare; (3) establishment of base areas; (4) the strategic defensive and the strategic offensive; (5) the development of guerrilla warfare into mobile warfare; and (6) correct relationship of command. These six items constitute the whole of the strategic programme for guerrilla war against Japan and are the means necessary for the preservation and expansion of our forces, for the destruction and expulsion of the enemy, for co-ordination with regular warfare and the winning of final victory. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 2), 1965: 82-83.

3. 日本目前还不愿也不能结束战争，它的战略进攻也还没有停止，但是大势所趋，它的进攻是有一定限度的，这是三个弱点所产生的必然结果，无限止地吞灭全中国是不可能的。会有一天日本要处于完全的被动地位，这种情况现在就可以开始看出来。中国方面，开始时战争颇处于被动，现在因有了经验，正在改取新的运动战的方针，即战役和战斗的进攻战、速决战和外线作战的方针，加上普遍发展的游击战的方针，所以主动地地位正在日益建立起来。——《毛泽东选集（第二卷）》，1960：411

3. Japan is neither willing nor able to conclude the war at present, nor has her strategic offensive yet come to an end, but, as the general trend shows, her offensive is confined within certain limits, which is the inevitable consequence of her three weaknesses; she cannot go on indefinitely till she swallows the whole of China. Already there are signs that Japan will one day find herself in an utterly passive position. China, on the other hand, was in a rather passive position at the beginning of the war, but, having gained experience, she is now turning to the new policy of mobile warfare, the policy of taking the offensive, seeking quick decisions and operating on exterior lines in campaigns and battles, which, together with the policy of developing widespread guerrilla warfare, is helping China to build up a position of initiative day by day. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 2), 1965: 86.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
在中国，运动战这种作战形式最远可以追溯到《孙子兵法》诞生以前的春秋时期。——“试论《孙子兵法》中的运动战思想”，载于《孙子研究》2016年第6期
In China, the operation pattern of mobile warfare could be traced back to the Spring and Autumn period when The Art of War had not come into being yet.

例句 2：
鉴于形势的变化,国民政府认为中国已经进入“第二期抗战”阶段,国民政府军事委员会对抗战初期的片面抗战路线进行了修正,由单纯的军事抗战转为对政治、民众、精神、运动战及游击战等的重视。——《抗战时期第三届广西学生军研究（1938-1941）》，复旦大学博士学位论文，2014
In view of the change of the situation, the national government that China has entered the stage of the second phase of the war of resistance, fighted at the beginning of the national government military commission revised partial resistance line, from a purely military resistance to the political, people and spirit, locomotive war and guerrilla war.

例句 3：
所谓“运动战”，主要是指俄国式的暴力革命，直接去摧毁统治阶级的国家机器，夺取国家政权。——《葛兰西文化领导权思想研究》，山东大学博士学位论文，2007
The so-called “mobile warfare” mainly refers to the Russian-style violent revolution, go directly to destroy the ruling class, the state apparatus and seize state power.