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字词 物质生产力
释义

物质生产力【英】

material force of production; material productive force

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:304.
[2] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977: 138.

定义

物质生产力一般指生产力。指人们征服自然、改造自然的能力。作为历史唯物主义的一个基本范畴,生产力表示历史进程中最终起决定作用的因素。生产力范畴的内容是积累起来的劳动和活的劳动的有机统一,也就是生产的物质因素和人的因素的总和。具体包括三个基本要素:(1)以生产工具为主的劳动资料;(2)引入生产过程的劳动对象;(3)具有一定生产经验和劳动技能的劳动者。劳动资料(即所有被人用来作为人作用于劳动对象的中介手段,包括劳动工具、生产厂房、铁路、运河、公路、管道等)和劳动对象(自然界和第二自然的实物)是生产的物质因素;生产劳动资料并使用劳动资料具有生产技能、经验和知识的劳动者,是生产中人的因素。马克思说:“劳动生产力是由多种情况决定的,其中包括:工人的平均熟练程度,科学的发展水平和它在工艺上应用的程度,生产过程的社会结合,生产资料的规模和效能,以及自然条件”(马克思等,1972:53)。生产力中具有决定意义的物质因素,是劳动工具、机器和机器的综合体。马克思说,正是这些东西才是“生产的骨骼系统和肌肉系统”(马克思等,1972:204)。生产工具是人类改造自然的物质标志,是生产力发展水平的客观尺度。一切劳动工具都是人造出来的,是人的实践能力的结果,是人所积累的经验和知识的物化形式。如果没有人,即使是最完善的技术设备也是死的。人利用生产工具改造自然,同时还不断改进生产工具,不断发展生产力和社会关系,在此过程中,人也在不断地发展着自己本身。因此,人是生产力诸因素中起主导作用的因素,是生产活动的主体,是最重要的生产力。劳动者与劳动资料和劳动对象相结合,才能构成现实的生产力。在当代,科学发展对生产力有重大作用。马克思曾指出:“生产力里面也包括科学在内”(马克思,1963:350)。邓小平也指出:“马克思说过,科学技术是生产力,事实证明这句话讲的很对。依我看,科学技术是第一生产力”(邓小平,1993:274)。劳动资料是一定科学技术发展的结晶,现代化的劳动资料,如电子计算机等在生产中的使用,必然大大提高劳动生产率。随着科学的发展,物质的物理的、机械的、化学的属性被不断发现,劳动对象的范围也不断扩大。而劳动者的劳动技能则与一定的科学知识水平相联系,科学知识水平越高,劳动技能就越强。随着当代科学技术革命的飞速发展,人们征服自然、改造自然的能力越来越强,生产力的进步也愈来愈快。生产力的发展以及与之相关的社会物质技术基础的发展,是整个社会发展的基础,是整个历史进程得以继承的基础,是积累、保存和传递有社会意义的知识的主要手段(李淮春,1996)。因此,生产力是不以人们的主观意志为转移的、客观的物质力量,是决定人们的生产关系和一切社会关系发展变化的决定性力量,是全部历史的基础。

定义来源

[1] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)[M].人民出版社,1972.
[2] 马克思.政治经济学批判大纲(草稿)第三分册[M].刘潇然译.人民出版社,1963.
[3] 邓小平.邓小平文选[C].人民出版社,1993.
[4] 李淮春.马克思主义哲学全书[Z].中国人民大学出版社,1996.

例句

1. 这些生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构,即有法律的和政治的上层建筑竖立其上并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础。物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。不是人们的意识决定人们的存在,相反,是人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。社会的物质生产力发展到一定阶段,便同它们一直在其中运动的现存生产关系或财产关系(这只是生产关系的法律用语)发生矛盾。于是这些关系便由生产力的发展形式变成生产力的桎梏。那时社会革命的时代就到来了。——《列宁全集(第一卷)》,2012:6-7

1. The sum-total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the social, political and intellectual life process in general. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of their development, the material productive forces of society come in conflict with the existing relations of production, or—what is but a legal expression for the same thing—with the property relations within which they have been at work hitherto. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an epoch of social revolution. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1977: 138.

2. 资本主义生产的真正限制是资本自身,这就是说:资本及其自行增殖,表现为生产的起点和终点,表现为生产的动机和目的;生产只是为资本而生产,而不是相反:生产资料只是不断扩大生产者社会的生活过程的手段。以广大生产者群众的被剥夺和贫困化为基础的资本价值的保存和增殖,只能在一定的限制以内运动,这些限制不断与资本为它自身的目的而必须使用的并旨在无限制地增加生产,为生产而生产,无条件地发展劳动社会生产力的生产方法相矛盾。手段——社会生产力的无条件的发展——不断地和现有资本的增殖这个有限的目的发生冲突。因此,如果说资本主义生产方式是发展物质生产力并且创造同这种生产力相适应的世界市场的历史手段,那末,它同时也是它的这个历史任务和同它相适应的社会生产关系之间的经常的矛盾。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十五卷上)》,1974:278-279

2. The real barrier of capitalist production is capital itself It is that capital and its self-expansion appear as the starting and the closing point, the motive and the purpose of production; that production is only production for capital and not vice versa, the means of production are not mere means for a constant expansion of the living process of the society of producers. The limits within which the preservation and self-expansion of the value of capital resting on the expropriation and pauperisation of the great mass of producers can alone move—these limits come continually into conflict with the methods of production employed by capital for its purposes, which drive towards unlimited extension of production, towards production as an end in itself, towards unconditional development of the social productivity of labour. The means—unconditional development of the productive forces of society—comes continually into conflict with the limited purpose, the self-expansion of the existing capital. The capitalist mode of production is, for this reason, a historical means of developing the material forces of production and creating an appropriate world market and is, at the same time, a continual conflict between this its historical task and its corresponding social relations of production. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37), 1998: 248-249.

3. 经济基础决定上层建筑。经济体制改革对其他方面改革具有重要影响和传导作用,重大经济体制改革的进度决定着其他方面很多体制改革的进度,具有牵一发而动全身的作用。马克思在《(政治经济学批判)序言》中说:“人们在自己生活的社 会生产中发生一定的、必然的、不以他们的意志为转移的关系,即同他们的物质生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系。这些生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构, 即有法律的和政治的上层建筑竖立其上并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础。”在全面深化改革中,我们要坚持以经济体制改革为主 轴,努力在重要领域和关键环节改革上取得新突破,以此牵引和带动其他领域改革,使各方面改革协同推进、形成合力,而不是各自为政、分散用力。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:94

3. The economic base determines the superstructure. Economic reforms have a significant and pervasive bearing on the reform of other fields. And the tempo of progress in major economic reforms determines that of a host of other reforms, playing a critical part in the overall situation. In the “Preface to A Contribution to the Critzque of Political Economy,” Karl Marx observed that “In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely, relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness.” As we continue to reform comprehensively, we should keep our focus on economic reforms, and strive to make breakthroughs in the reform of key fields, so that such breakthroughs will drive and stimulate reforms in other areas, and ensure that these reforms can work together and progress in concert. We should not take a fragmented and uncoordinated approach in this regard. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 105.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
物质生产力与精神生产力的二元划分已经无法透彻解释新兴的文化业态。——“论‘文化生产力’及其对历史唯物主义的创新与发展”,载于《教学与研究》2013年第11期
The dichotomy method of material productive force and spiritual productive forces have been unable to explain the emerging cultural industries.

例句 2:
实践证明,充分发挥思想政治教育经济价值必须以科学发展观为指导,坚持物质生产力发展与精神生产力创造并举的原则。——“思想政治教育与生产力关系刍议”,载于《黑龙江教育学院学报》2013年第5期
Practice has proved, to give full play to the economic value of ideological and political education, we must be guided by the scientific development concept, and lay equal importance to the material productive force development and spiritual productive force development.

例句 3:
生产关系是人们借以进行生产并在社会生产中发生的、必然的、不以人们的意志为转移的、同物质生产力一定发展阶段相适应的社会关系,包括社会生产过程中发生的生产要素之间、生产过程之间以及各种生产之间的关系。——“生产关系范畴的解析与重构”,载于《齐鲁学刊》2010年第2期
Production relations are social relations by which people carry through production, and they occur in the social, natural, independent of man’s will and suit for a certain stage of development of the material productive forces, including relations among the factors of production, the production process, as well as the various productions occur in social production process.

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