成本推动型通货膨胀【英】

cost-push inflation

译文来源

Cost-push inflation. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-push_inflation

定义

成本推动型通货膨胀也叫成本推进的通货膨胀。从供给的角度来解释通货膨胀的原因，即认为是生产成本的增加引起了总供给曲线的向上移动，从而在总需求不变的情况下产生了通货膨胀。生产成本中主要的部分是工资成本，因此，这种通货膨胀的主要根源是工资成本的增加。此外，原料成本的增加，特别是进口原料价格的上升，也会引起这种通货膨胀。这是新古典综合派用供给补充需求来解释通货膨胀的原因。货币主义者强调，只有在名义货币供给量增加，从而总需求曲线向右移动时，生产成本的增加才会引起通货膨胀。如果货币供给量不增加，生产成本的增加只会引起通货紧缩。因此，成本推进的通货膨胀最终根源仍在于货币供给量的增加。（胡代光等，1996：148）
　成本推动的通货膨胀，又分为原材料成本推动的通货膨胀和工资成本推动的通货膨胀。能源、原材料及农业等生产部门属于上游产业．其产品属于各行、各业所必需的中间投入要素，当这些部门由于各种不利因素而产生供应紧张的局面时，产品价格上涨，其价格上升会通过产业部门之间的传递关系传导至下游产业，导致各行业原材料和工资成本的普遍上升。由于企业内部消化成本上升的能力有限，加上工资成本存在着只能升不能降的“刚性”。因而产品成本的增加就会推动全社会产品价格普遍上升。（张安宁等，2008：11）

定义来源

[1] 胡代光，高鸿业.现代西方经济学辞典[Z].中国社会科学出版社，1996.
[2] 张安宁，王志刚.成本推动型通货膨胀的成因及对策[J].西安财会，2008（5）.

例句

1. 第一次世界大战后，意大利面临着一场巨大的经济危机。当时农业仍然是经济的基础，而由于农民应征入伍，农业处于凋敝状态。国家由于支付战争开支而债台高筑，通货膨胀严重失控。另外，复员的士兵扩大了失业的人数。由于这次经济危机和随之而来的生活水平的下降，工人阶级的战斗精神加强了。很多资本家在战争中发了横财，社会党人则反对战争。许多工人，尤其是都灵大冶金企业中的工人，都认为工会过于软弱，而且疏远了基层的反对意见。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》，2008：185

1. After the war, Italy was faced with a huge economic crisis. Agriculture was still basic to the economy and much depleted because of the drafting of peasants into the army. There had been a large increase in the state debt to finance the war and inf1ation was rampant. Demobilised soldiers swelled the unemployment figures. Working-class militancy increased as a result of this economic crisis and the consequent lowering of living standards in a war out of which many capitalists had done very well and which the socialists had opposed. The trade unions were considered by many workers—particularly in the big metallurgical works of Turin—to be much too moderate and out of touch with grass-roots opposition. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 193.

2. 战时共产主义有三个主要方面：第一，由于1918年6月实行的全面国有化法令几乎使所有的大企业处于国家的控制之下，国有化程度有了巨大的提高。加上因战时封锁和俄国经济最发达地区被敌人占领而导致燃料和原料严重匮乏，更使得政府的干预甚至变得必不可少了。同时，国家垄断贸易，政府的官僚主义程度加剧。第二，无法控制的通货膨胀使有产阶级和广大农民陷于破产（工人由于以实物支付还有些保障），这意味着，政府不能靠多发行货币来增加其财力，而不得不征用农民的储备物资，这样就失去了中农的支持而导致农业生产率下降。第三，内战的压力一解除，就把复员的红军部队派去执行各项紧急任务，在上级指派的工会官员的纪律约束下，劳动力使部分地军事化了。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》，2008：119

2. War Communism had three main aspects. Firstly, there was a huge increase in nationalisation, beginning with the Decree of General Nationalisations of June 1918 which brought almost all large-scale enterprises under state control. Crippling shortage of fuel and raw materials caused by the war blockade and enemy occupation of the economically most advanced areas of Russia made government intervention even more essential. The state monopolized exchange and government bureaucracy necessarily increased. Secondly, the runaway inflation which ruined the moneyed classes and large sections of the peasantry (the workers were partially protected by payment in kind) meant that the government could not increase its resources by issuing more money and had to requisition supplies from the peasantry. This alienated the support of the middle peasantry and resulted in a lowering of peasant productivity. Thirdly, as the pressure of the Civil War ended, demobilised units of the Red Army were assigned to particularly urgent tasks and there was a partial militarization of the labour force under the discipline of Trade Union officials who were appointed from above. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 127.

3. 做好政府工作，必须高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，全面贯彻党的十八大和十八届三中、四中、五中全会精神，以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导，深入贯彻习近平总书记系列重要讲话精神，按照“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局，坚持改革开放，坚持以新发展理念引领发展，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，适应经济发展新常态，实行宏观政策要稳、产业政策要准、微观政策要活、改革政策要实、社会政策要托底的总体思路，把握好稳增长与调结构的平衡，保持经济运行在合理区间，着力加强供给侧结构性改革，加快培育新的发展动能，改造提升传统比较优势，抓好去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板，加强民生保障，切实防控风险，努力实现“十三五”时期经济社会发展良好开局。——《2016年政府工作报告》，2016

3. To ensure that the government’s goal for this year is accomplished, we must do the following: hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics; implement the guiding principles of the 18th National Congress of the CPC and the third, fourth, and fifth plenary sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee; follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development; put into practice the guiding principles from General Secretary Xi Jinping’s major policy addresses; work in accordance with the overall plan for promoting all-round economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy; continue reform and opening up; follow the new vision of development; follow the general principle of making progress while working to keep performance stable; adapt to the new normal in economic development; follow the general guidelines that macro policies should be stable, industrial policies targeted, micro policies flexible, reform policies practical, and that social policies should ensure basic needs; maintain a balance between ensuring steady growth and making structural adjustments; ensure that the economy operates within an appropriate range; strengthen supply-side structural reform; accelerate the fostering of new driving forces for development; strengthen traditional comparative advantages; cut overcapacity and excess inventory, deleverage, reduce costs, and strengthen points of weakness; strengthen basic safeguards for public well-being; prevent and control risks. By working to achieve all of these, we should get off to a good start in economic and social development during the period covered by the 13th Five-Year Plan. -Quoted from Report on the Work of the Government, 2016.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
一段时间以来,我国宏观经济形势过热,物价持续上涨,通货膨胀的迹象明显。在引起本轮通货膨胀的因素当中,原材料价格和工资价格上涨所引起的成本推动起了主要作用。因此,研究成本推动型通货膨胀,有助于深入理解本轮通货膨胀现象,合理运用宏观政策进行调控,平抑物价波动,缓和过热的经济形势。分析成本推动型通货膨胀的成因,才能并提出相应的对策。——“成本推动型通货膨胀的成因及对策”，载于《西部财会》2008年05期
For some time, China’s macroeconomic situation has been overheated, prices continue to rise, signs of inflation are obvious. Among the factors that contributed to the current round of inflation, cost increases caused by rising raw material prices and wage prices played a major role. Therefore, the research on cost push inflation will help us to understand the current inflation phenomenon, to make rational use of macro policies to control and stabilize prices, and to mitigate the overheated economic situation. Analysis of cost push inflation causes, and to put forward the corresponding countermeasures.

例句 2：
2006年以来我国一直表现出物价飞涨的局面,在2007年达到高潮。我国的通货膨胀表现出混合性质,而成本推动也是这次通货膨胀的主要因素。在探讨了成本推动通货膨胀的基本理论之后,给出了解决成本推动通货膨胀的建议与对策。——“我国成本推动型通货膨胀的对策研究”，载于《市场周刊(理论研究)》2010年02期
Since 2006, our country has been showing the situation of soaring prices, reaching a climax in 2007. Inflation in China shows a mixed nature, and cost push is also a major factor in this inflation. After discussing the basic theory of cost promoting inflation, this paper gives some suggestions and Countermeasures to so