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字词 禁欲主义
释义

禁欲主义【英】

asceticism

译文来源

Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 309.

定义

禁欲主义,亦称“禁欲论”、“制欲主义”。禁欲主义是要求人们严酷节制肉体欲望的一种道德理论。它源于古代人忍受现世生活困苦的宗教教义和苦行仪式,公元前6世纪后,通过东西方的宗教教义和道德哲学的概括逐渐形成为一种理论。禁欲主义认为,人的肉体欲望是低贱的、自私的、有害的,是罪恶之源,因而强调节制肉体欲望和享乐,甚至要求弃绝一切欲望,如此才能实现道德的自我完善。禁欲即戒除世俗欢愉。“禁欲的”一词(ascetic)来源于古希腊术语askesis,原意为练习、训练,所以“禁欲”一词最初是和包含严格纪律的训练形式有关,后来则发展出放弃对更高的智慧、情感或精神的追求这样的意思(《禁欲主义》,via:http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=91JPG3kLqMyKvjtb_fVnskPNkpK4euFP_BM4GUSxVzdvz14vINybsslm76jXPyqRHAsxP04LQniAcygk1j0t6_)。禁欲主义的主要代表有古希腊罗马的犬儒学派、斯多亚派和德国哲学家康德等。空想社会主义者莫尔、康帕内拉的著作中也有禁欲主义色彩。中国的佛教、道教及宋明理学中也存在禁欲主义倾向(金炳华,2003:662)。马克思主义既反对禁欲主义,也反对享乐主义,而主张在满足人们物质文化需求的基础上,实现人的全面发展。

定义来源

[1] 禁欲主义.via:http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=91JPG3kLqMyKvjtb_fVnskPNkpK4euFP_BM4GUSxVzdvz14vINybsslm76jXPyqRHAsxP04LQniAcygk1j0t6_
[2] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 这门关于惊人的勤劳的科学,同时也是关于禁欲主义的科学,而它的真正理想是禁欲的但进行重利盘剥的吝啬鬼和禁欲的但进行生产的奴隶。它的道德理想就是把自己的一部分工资存入储蓄所的工人,而且它甚至为了它喜爱的这个理想发明了一种奴才的艺术。人们怀着感伤的情绪把这些搬上舞台。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十二卷)》,1979:135

1. This science of marvellous industry is simultaneously the science of asceticism, and its true ideal is the ascetic but extortionate miser and the ascetic but productive slave. Its moral ideal is the worker who takes part of his wages to the savings-bank, and it has even found ready-made a servile art which embodies this pet idea: it has been presented, bathed in sentimentality, on the stage. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1975: 309.

2. 但是,如果如同上面所举的印度禁欲主义的例子—— 一开始就根据它的本质把理性的体系设想为部分性的体系,如果包围着理性体系、并限定它的范围的非理性世界(因此,在这种情况下,一方面是不配理性化的世俗的、经验的人的存在,另一方面是人的理性的概念不能把握的彼岸,即解脱的世界)被设想为独立于它的,设想为结对屈从于它或绝对凌驾于它之上的,那末对于理住体系本身来说,决不会产生方法论的问题。——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:181

2. However, when—as in the case of Hindu asceticism—the rational system is conceived of as a partial system from the outset, when the irrational world which surrounds and delimits it—(in this case the irrational world comprises both the earthly existence of man which is unworthy of rationalization and also the next world, that of salvation, which human, rational concepts cannot grasp)—is represented as independent of it, as unconditionally inferior or superior to it, this ‘creates no technical problem for the rational system itself. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 256.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
早期基督教的性伦理观是禁欲主义,其主要内容是性罪论、独身论、唯生殖目的论。东汉魏晋时期道教的性伦理观是非禁欲主义,其基本观点是性自然论、婚姻道德论、性养生与修炼论。——“早期基督教与汉晋道教的性伦理观比较”,载于《中国性科学》2005年第1期
The sexual ethical outlook of early Christianity was asceticism, the main points of which were view of sex as sinful, view of celibacy as superior to marriage, and sex-for-reproduction legacy. In contrast, the sexual ethical outlook of Taoism in the Eastern Han and Jin Dynasties was non-asceticism, the basic viewpoints of which were regarding sex as natural, regarding marriage as a virtue, and valuing sexual health preservation and sexual energy cultivation.

例句 2:
欧洲中世纪是体育发展的“黑暗时代”,其主要原因是基督教所推行的禁欲主义。——“试论基督教禁欲主义及其对欧洲中世纪体育发展的影响”,载于《北京体育学院学报》1992年第1期
The Christian asceticism was the major reason leading to the “dark times” of the development of sport in Europe in Middle Ages.

例句 3:
通过分析和阐述禁欲主义消费伦理观、享乐主义消费伦理观、节俭消费伦理观的不同主张,指出禁欲和享乐都不能使整个社会得到和谐的发展。——“从消费伦理观念的转换看节俭消费”,载于《中国医学伦理学》2007年第1期
By expounding and analyzing ideas of asceticism consumption ethics, hedonism consumption ethics and frugal consumption ethics, the authors point out neither asceticism nor hedonism can make society develop soundly.

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