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字词 剥削
释义

剥削【英】

exploitation

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990: 381.
[2] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:309.
[3] Exploitation of labour. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour

定义

剥削即无偿地占有别人的劳动或产品。剥削是阶级社会特有的历史现象。莫尔曾在《乌托邦》一书中,第一次明确指出私有制是各种剥削产生的根源。在阶级社会中,一部分人或集团凭借对生产资料或货币资本的优势地位无偿地占有另一部分人或集团的劳动成果。人类在原始社会前期,由于生产力水平和劳动水平所限,劳动还不能形成剩余产品,因而也就不存在剥削的现象。到了原始社会末期,由于生产工具的革新劳动开始形成剩余产品,因而出现了剥削的现象。随着生产力的进一步发展,劳动工具的进一步革新,劳动的剩余产品逐渐增多以及劳动产品的交换逐渐频繁,剥削现象也逐渐增多。由此可见,剥削是生产力发展和私有制产生的结果,它为一部分人无偿占有另一部分人的劳动成果奠定了物质基础。恩格斯曾指出,“从第一次社会大分工中,也就产生了第一次社会大分裂,分裂为两个阶级:主人和奴隶、剥削者和被剥削者”。随着生产方式的变化,剥削的方式也相应发生变化,比如农奴制的剥削方式、雇佣劳动制剥削方式、高利贷剥削方式等。马克思在《资本论》中第一次科学地揭示了资本主义剥削的本质和秘密。马克思认为,资本主义生产的目的是获得劳动者的剩余价值,而剩余价值率的高低表明了资本家对工人的剥削程度。剥削的秘密在于,资本家在必要劳动时间不变的条件下通过延长工人的工作时间,或工作日不变的情况下减少工人的必要劳动时间攫取工人的剩余价值。对于剥削问题,马克思认为无产阶级革命的直接目的是消灭剥削,而根本目的是消灭剥削赖以产生的生产资料私有制根源(金炳华,2003:309)。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 资本主义剥削就失去了它的这种客观革命作用,下述这种情况也没有被理解:“‘人’类的才能的这种发展,虽然在开始时要靠牺牲多数的个人,甚至靠牺牲整个阶级,但最终会克服这种对抗,而同每个人的发展项一致,因此,个性的比较高度的发展,只有以牺牲个人的历史过程为代价。”——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:11-12

1. Capitalist exploitation thus loses its objective revolutionary aspect and there is a failure to grasp the fact that “although this evolution of the species Man is accomplished at first at the expense of the majority of individual human beings and of certain human classes, it finally overcomes this antagonism and coincides with the evolution of the particular individual. Thus the higher development of individuality is only purchased by a historical process in which individuals are sacrificed.” -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: xvii-xviii.

2. 至于那要把一切人都联合起来的爱,则表现在战争、争吵、诉讼、家庭纠纷、离婚以及一些人对另一些人的最高限度的剥削中。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:333

2. And love, which is to unite all, manifests itself in wars, altercations, lawsuits, domestic broils, divorces and every possible exploitation of one by another. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26), 1990: 381.

3. 在本书第一章的背景讨论中,我们分析了作为早期政治经济学隐性哲学构架的社会唯物主义,其三个理论层级分别从物质生产到对社会经济关系的科学抽象,都指认了在社会历史领域中非直观的社会物质条件对观念和其他社会生活的基础性作用(李嘉图式的社会主义经济学家的哲学观点并没有超出社会唯物主义),用前面我们已经引述过的马克思自己在《德意志意识形态》中的界说,即“在政治经济学里已经提出了一种思想:主要的剥削关系是不以个人意志为转移,是由整个生产决定的,单独的个人都面临着这些关系”。黑格尔哲学,不过是以颠倒的客观唯心主义方式重述了这一逻辑。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:32

3. In the background discussion included in the first chapter of this book, we studied the social materialism that existed in the latent philosophical framework of early political economy. Its three theoretical levels, from material production to the scientific abstraction of social economic relations, all identify the fundamental effect of non-sensuous social material conditions on ideas and other social life, within the realm of social history (the philosophical views of the Ricardian socialist economists did not surpass social materialism). To use the definition given by Marx in The German Ideology, “political economy, however, had already given expression to the fact that the chief relations of exploitation are determined by production in general, independently of the will of individuals, who find them already in existence.” Hegel’s philosophy simply repeats this logic using inverted objective idealism. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 323.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
尼尔森承认马克思曾经做过“道德是意识形态”的论断,但认为这只是道德社会学的论断,而不是道德认识论的论断,是对剥削阶级道德的批判,而不是对无产阶级道德的否定。——《分析马克思主义的道德理论研究》,南开大学博士学位论文,2014
Nielsen admits that Marx had made judgments like “moral is ideology”, but that is about the sociology of morality, rather than moral epistemology claims. That is criticism on the morality of exploiting class, rather than on the morality on the proletariat.

例句 2:
马克思主义基于纯粹道德原则的历史评价并不代表承认为了维护公平而限制甚至牺牲生产力发展的观点,反之,也不代表主张大力发展生产力而肯定剥削是正义的,被剥削阶级只有服从剥削制度。——《历时态视角下马克思主义历史进步评价二重维度研究》,南京信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2015
There are some judgments those Marx just made from the ethical view, which can not mean that Marx believed there being a need to maintain the so called fair to sacrificed the development of the productive force, otherwise, development of the productive force also can not based on the theory of the expropriation is justice.

例句 3:
如果土地所有权掌握在地主、资产阶级等剥削阶级手中,土地就成为他们拥有政治、经济权力的凭借,也成为他们剥削和奴役劳动人民的手段,所以土地问题是无产阶级革命运动中需要解决的最重大的问题之一。——《列宁土地问题思想研究》,华中师范大学博士学位论文,2013
If the land ownership in the hands of the landlords, the bourgeoisie and other exploiting classes, the land will become their ownership of the political and economic power foundation. These privileges also become the means of exploitation and enslavement of the working people. So these land issues are one of the major probl

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