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字词 净化说
释义

净化说【英】

theory of catharsis; theory of purification

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.哲学大辞典(修订本)[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001: 682.
[2] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 17) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977: 80.
[3] Catharsis. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis

定义

古希腊亚里士多德关于悲剧的作用的理论。亚里士多德全面肯定了希腊的文艺创作,提出悲剧美感的命题¾¾“净化说”。在《诗学》第十三章他提出“怜悯与恐惧”的理论界定。“怜悯是一个人遭受不应遭受的厄运而引起的,恐惧是由这个遭受厄运的人与我们相似而引起的”(胡经之,2003:55)。可以说,怜悯是怜哀不应有之难,恐惧是如我们者恐惧。他指出恐惧和怜悯的对象是“有一种人,介乎于这二者之间,他不以美德或正义著称,他所以陷入厄运,并非其邪德败行,而是由于错误。”“怜悯是一种痛苦,是因为看到可怕或痛苦的灾难落于不应受此难者身上而引起的。”“恐惧是一种痛苦或苦恼的情绪,是因那足以招致痛苦或毁灭的当前的印象而引起的。”在此基础上,亚里士多德提出悲剧美感的“净化说”。悲剧“激起哀怜和恐惧,从而导致这些情绪的净化”(朱光潜,1979:87)。激起哀怜和恐惧之情,这是悲剧独有的快感,它使人们的思想感情得到陶冶,对人们的道德教育能起到积极的影响。亚里士多德非常重视悲剧的道德教育作用,而净化就是实现这一目标的最有效的途径。悲剧不仅要引起观众的怜悯和恐惧的情绪,还要凭借净化的作用使怜悯和恐惧成为适度的感情,以悲剧独有的“特别的快感”,给观众以感情的满足和情绪的陶冶。“净化说”就是要发挥悲剧快感对人的巨大影响,帮助观众具有适度的怜悯和恐惧之情,通过悲剧获得教化。观众正是在悲剧的欣赏中,把人生痛苦的情绪通过悲剧所描绘的痛苦得以升华和净化。由于怜悯和恐惧,就会使观众分担主人公的痛苦,使观众得到道德上的教育和启迪,使感情得到正确宣泄,进而消除内心的痛苦。在欣赏悲剧时,观众的情绪随剧情的发展而发生变化,他们对剧中与自己相似的善良的人,因过失而遭受的苦难表示一定限度的怜悯之情。当观众想起自己也可能遭受同样的苦难时,恐惧之心便由此而生(雒海宁,2012:29-30)。这样,“看一次悲剧,观众的感情受一次锻炼,经多次反复,就能养成一种新的习惯,潜伏在内心。等到他们在现实生活中碰到别人或自身遭受苦难时,就能自我控制,使感情发生得适度,或能自我激发,使感情达到适当的强度”(胡经之,2003:58)。这就是悲剧的净化作用。

定义来源

[1] 胡经之.西方文艺理论名著教程[M].北京大学出版社,2003.
[2] 朱光潜.西方美学史[M].人民文学出版社,1979.
[3] 雒海宁.亚里士多德的悲剧“净化说”[J].青海师范大学民族师范学院学报,2012(01).

例句

1. 布莱希特想用间离效果在观众和演出之间建立一种新关系:批判的和能动的关系。传统的戏剧形式要求群众把注意力集中在“主角”的命运上,并把自己的感情力量倾注到戏剧的“净化”中去。布莱希特却要同这种使观众和剧本达到共鸣的戏剧形式相决裂。他使观众同演出保持一定的距离,但又不是远离剧情或单纯欣赏。——《保卫马克思》,1984:122

1. By means of this effect Brecht hoped to create a new relation between the audience and the play performed: a critical and active relation. He wanted to break with the classical forms of identification, where the audience hangs on the destiny of the 'hero' and all its emotional energy is concentrated on theatrical catharsis. He wanted to set the spectator at a distance from the performance, but in such a situation that he would be incapable of flight or simple enjoyment. -Quoted from For Marx, 1969: 146.

2. 难道伏尔泰不是在他的《终于得到解释的圣经》一书的正文中宣扬不信教,而在注解里却又宣扬信教吗?有谁相信过这些注解具有净化的效力呢?我们可敬的邻居最后说:“然而,即使我们有这种意图,难道就可以把我们发表这封本来就已为大家所知道的信的做法同最早公布这封信的行动相提并论吗?”——《马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)》,2002: 413

2. Did not even Voltaire in his book La Bible enfin expliquée preach unbelief in the text and belief in the notes, and did anyone believe in the purifying power of these notes? But, our worthy lady neighbour concludes, “if we had this intention, could our acceptance for publication of an already well-known document be put on a par with the original publication?” -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 323.

3. 马克思主义教导我们说,只要资本主义存在,小资产阶级群众就必然受到反民主的特权的迫害(这种特权从理论上讲,在纯粹的资本主义条件下“不是必不可少的”,但是资本主义的净化则要持续到它灭亡的时候),受到经济压迫。因此,只要资本主义存在,“领导者”的任务就永远是:说明这种特权和这种压迫产生的原因,指出这种现象的阶级根源,作出反对这种现象的斗争范例,揭露自由派斗争方法的虚伪,等等,等等。——《列宁全集(第二十卷)》,1989:134

3. Marxism teaches us that so long as capitalism exists the petty-bourgeois masses must inevitably suffer from undemocratic privileges (theoretically, such privileges are “not indispensable” under pure capitalism, but the purification of capitalism will continue until its death), that they must suffer from economic oppression. Therefore, so long as capitalism exists it will always be the duty of the “leader” to explain the source of these privileges and this oppression, to expose their class roots, to provide an example of struggle against them, expose the falsity of the liberal methods of struggle, etc., etc. -Quoted from Lenin Collect Works (Vol. 17), 1977: 80.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
布斯作为受到“芝加哥学派”思想熏陶而成长起来的文学理论家,其理论不可避免的会有学派的印迹;亚里士多德诗学传统,诸如净化说、模仿说、道德教化等理论对布斯叙事修辞理论的建构产生了潜移默化的作用;英美新批评、俄国形式主义、结构主义等形式主义文论对布斯叙事修辞理论的形成也具有深刻的影响。——《布斯叙事修辞学研究》,山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2012
As a literary theorist edified by the “Chicago Critics”, Booth’s theory had its ineluctable print; Aristotle’s poetics tradition, such as the purifying theory, imitation of life, moralization and the like, all produced potential effect to Booth’s theory; Synchronously, the New Criticism, Formalism and Structuralism also have a profound impact on Booth’s rhetorical theory of narrative.

例句 2:
柏拉图的城邦净化说主要涉及三个方面:一是净化城邦的诗乐艺术,意在保障施行正确的道德化教育;二是净化城邦的政坛与民意,以便实现大权独揽、唯我独尊的政治企图;三是净化城邦的公民,试图采取优胜劣汰的方式挑选合格的公民。另外,“城邦净化”作为一种隐喻,在一定程度上为亚里士多德的悲剧净化说埋下了伏笔。——“柏拉图的城邦净化说”,载于《世界哲学》2012年第2期
Plato's doctrine of katharmous poleōs is mainly consisted in three aspects: one is intended to purify the polis as city-state of her music-poetry in order to ensure the praxis of moral education; the other is to purge the polis of her political arena and public opinion in order to facilitate the power game of a tyrannical kind; the third is to purify the polis of her citizens in order to distinguish between the selected and the unselected for the scheme of the second best city-state. Moreover,the employment of katharmous poleōs as a metap

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