字词 | 图式 |
释义 | 图式【英】scheme译文来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:482. 定义根据西方哲学家的一般理解,图式就是用来组织、描述和解释我们经验的概念网络和命题网络。认知心理学家认为,人们在认知过程中通过对同一类客体或活动的基本结构的信息进行抽象概括,在大脑中形成的框图便是图式;心理学家认为图式是储存于人们记忆之中的由各种信息和经验组成的认知结构;Piaget、Rumelhart等人认为图式由表示概念要素的若干变量所组成,是一种知识框架及分类系统;语言学家Carroll把图式看做是语义记忆的一种结构。尽管不同的学科领域对图式有不同的表述,但有一点达成了共识:图式首先是一种结构(康立新,2011:180)。图式主要指瑞士皮亚杰用语,指一种内化的或简化的心理组织或结构。他认为图式是认识结构的单元。最初的图式是先天的、遗传的行为图式。以后由于主客体的相互作用,形成图式的变化过程:当外界的刺激为原来图式所吸收,重复或丰富了原有图式时,就是同化过程;当外界的新刺激不能为原有图式所同化,又不能完全忽略这种外界刺激而图式发生变化,形成新图式时,就是顺应过程。同化与顺应都暂时达到平衡状态,形成一个稳定的图式,即人的认识。同化只能丰富原有图式,顺应则是对图式调整、改变以适应环境的因素(金炳华,2003:482)。 定义来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 这本书尤其对妇女解放的研究作出了重大的贡献,并得到了倍倍尔的大力辅助。后来,倍倍尔就相关课题展开了进一步的研究,写出了颇为流行的著作——《妇女和社会主义》(1883年)。然而,恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》一书因过分依赖摩尔根而大为逊色,摩尔根的那种达尔文主义的进化观使恩格斯提出了一种过于一般化(普遍化)的进化图式(尤其是考虑到他几乎完全忽略了亚洲和非洲的情况)。而且,既然摩尔根关于原始杂交、群婚以及母系氏族先于父系氏族的观点都是极其可疑的,那么,据此论述家庭的一节成为这本书最薄弱的一部分,就不足为奇了。更难以理解的是,恩格斯对种的生产(人类的繁衍)与生存资料的生产这两个方面提出了严格的二分法划分。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:10 1. More specifically, the book constituted a substantial contribution to the study of the emancipation of women, considerably aided by Bebel's continuation of these themes in his popular Woman under Socialism (1883). It suffered, however, from its dependence on Morgan, whose Darwinist evolutionary perspective led him to posit a much too general scheme of evolution (particularly considering his almost total disregard for Asia and Africa). Given also that Morgan’s ideas on primitive sexual promiscuity, group marriage, and the chronological priority of the matrilinear over the patrilinear Gens are extremely dubious, it is not surprising that the section on the family is the weakest part of Engels’s book. More curious is his strict dichotomy between the production of the species on the one hand and the production of the means of existence on the other. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 13. 2. 正如高兹一再指出的那样,经典马克思主义确实没有回答这种在它的概念图式之外的情形。后工业的新无产者甚至构不成一个阶级,而它与工作世界之间是如此的疏离,以至于它完全不会诉诸于自身的阶级意识或团结意识。在后工业社会的前进过程中,新无产者正在变成一个“非工人的非阶级”(a non-class of non-workers):—个在任何一种马克思主义图式中都没有位置的范畴。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:10 2. As Gorz repeatedly points out, classical Marxism really has no answer to such a situation, which lies outside the parameters of its conceptual scheme. The postindustrial neo-proletariat does not even constitute a class, and the extent of its alienation from the world of work is such that it is impervious to all appeals to its class consciousness or sense of solidarity. Given the onward march of post-industrial society, the neo-proletariat is on its way to becoming ‘a non-class of non-workers’: a category that can have no place in any Marxist scheme. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 6. 3. 当我们作出那种决定时,我们将会走在后工业社会主义的道路上——按照高兹的世界图式,就是走向真正的共产主义。就像拉克劳和墨菲继他之后将会更强烈地相信的那样,高兹相信的不仅是后工业的新无产者,而且还有那些从这个不满的群体中形成的“新社会运动”(女性主义、生态运动等)。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:12-13 3. When we have made that decision we shall be on the way to post-industrial socialism--in Gorz’s scheme of things, real communism. As Laclau and Mouffe will do after him even more forcefully, Gorz puts his faith, not just in the post-industrial neo-proletariat, but in the ‘new social movements’ (feminism, ecology, etc.) that emerge from this discontented constituency. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 8. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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