字词 | 价值与价格 |
释义 | 价值与价格【英】value and price译文来源Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 205. 定义价值,泛指客体对于主体表现出来的积极意义和有用性。在经济学中,价值是商品的一个重要性质,它代表该商品在交换中能够交换得到其他商品的多少,价值通常通过货币来衡量,成为价格。这种观点中的价值,其实是交换价值的表现。而古典经济学则认为价值和价格并不等同。按照马克思主义政治经济学的观点,价值就是凝结在商品中无差别的人类劳动,即商品价值。马克思还将价值分为使用价值(给予商品购买者的价值)和交换价值(使用价值交换的量)。经济价值的本质是人类经济产品、关系发展过程中的人类劳动作用。包涵创造产品的使用价值与创造生产关系的劳动价值。《资本论》中的价值概念特指交换价值,即资本关系下的本质。不能以局部范畴的价值代替一般的价值形态,同时一般的价值形态不等于局部的价值形态。价值的实践必须以一定的范畴确定(价值.via: 定义来源[1] 价值.via: 例句1. 当然,马克思有时也在捕捉政治经济学自身的理论“矛盾”。例如,价值看起来很合理,“它是由物品的生产费用和物品的社会效用来确定的。后来却发现,价值纯粹是偶然确定的,它无论和生产费用或者和社会效用都没有任何关系”,前者所分析的是斯密和萨伊的定义,后者所分析的则是竞争中表现出来的价格。显然,此时马克思还无法正确地区分价值与使用价值、价值与价格。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:270 1. Of course, Marx also attempts to capture the theoretical “contradictions” in political economy. For instance: “Value is determined at the beginning in an apparently rational way, by the cost of production of an object and by its social usefulness. Later it turns out that value is determined quite fortuitously and that it does not need to bear any relation to either the cost of production or social usefulness.” The first determination of value is given by Smith and Ricardo’s definition, while the second determination is the emergence of prices from competition. It is evident that Marx was still unable to correctly differentiate between value and value in use, as well as between value and price. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 205. 2. 马克思自己说,只是到了《政治经济学批判》一书,蒲鲁东主义才被连根铲除了。在那里,马克思才真正解决了价值的质的分析,即劳动怎样和怎样的劳动形成价值,而且价值必然地要发展成为货币。此时,马克思还没有论及价值与交换价值之间、交换价值与价格之间、价格与市场价格之间的严格区别,从而他也无法深入地分析资产阶级社会具体的生产形态,并进一步得出科学的经济学结论。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:484-485 2. Marx wrote himself that Proudhonism was not completely eliminated until Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. In this book, Marx finally truly completes the analysis of the character of value, i.e., how labor forms value, what kinds of labor form value, and the fact that value necessarily develops into money. At this time, Marx had not yet discussed the strict differences between value and exchange value, between exchange value and prices, between prices and market prices. Because of this, he was unable to deeply analyze the concrete productive state of bourgeois society, and therefore unable to reach further scientific economic conclusions. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 280. 3. 我们也能看到,马克思这时才第一次认真讨论价值、交换价值、货币和价格的关系,他的出发点还是李嘉图。因此,他直接引述了李嘉图的观点:“一切商品(包括劳动在内)的价值(实际交换价值),决定于它们的生产费用,换句话说,决定于制造它们所需要的劳动时间。价格就是这种用货币来表现的商品交换价值。”诚然,这时马克思的用语还不精确,但这并不妨碍他科学地说明一个道理。商品的价值与价格不是直接等同的,“价值是作为价格运动的规律而出现的”。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:555 3. We can also see that here Marx first seriously discusses the relation between value, value-in-exchange, money, and prices; his starting point is still Ricardo. Therefore, he directly cites Ricardo’s viewpoint: “The value (the real exchange value) of all commodities (labour included) is determined by their cost of production, in other words by the labour time required to produce them. Their price is this exchange value of theirs, expressed in money.” Although Marx’s expression at this time was not yet precise, this did not prevent him from scientifically explaining that the price and value of a commodity are not directly equal: “the latter [value] appears as the law of the motions which the former [prices] runs through.” -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 439. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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