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字词 机械论
释义

机械论【英】

mechanism

译文来源

Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1987: 490.

定义

机械论是一种成型于近代的唯物主义思想,指一种用机械力学观念来解释自然界一切现象和认识问题的形而上学的理论和观点。它是建立在近代自然科学,特别是牛顿的机械力学基础之上,并经哲学家、科学家的概括、总结、理论阐述而成型(贺兰英,2013:7)。17世纪英国的培根、霍布斯、洛克、法国的笛卡儿,18世纪法国的狄德罗、拉美特利、爱尔维修、霍尔巴赫等都是机械论者。机械论的基本特征是:它借助于数学上的进步和还原论思想的有效运用,认为万物是由最小的基本粒子构成,万物的区别在于基本粒子的结合和分离;它承认世界的物质性,但却用孤立、静止、片面的观点解释世界,看不到世界的事物和现象之间的普遍联系和变化发展,或者只是承认机械的联系和机械的运动,认为宇宙是自身运动的,不受非物质力量的影响并且按照一定的规则运转,永不停息,因而表现出机械的、形而上学的特征。机械论的局限性是它的不彻底性,这主要表现在它在自然观方面是唯物主义的,而在社会历史观方面则是唯心主义的。

定义来源

贺兰英.机械论思想探源[J].黑河学刊,2013(3).

例句

1. 其次,他也批评了所谓机械论的观点:在这些政治经济学家那里,人就等同于物,人的活动与机器的运转是同值的。这一派学者所关心的,只是怎样达到最高额的生产和保证最大的消费或有效需求,“至于这些物品是用什么方法或者由谁生产的,不管是由骆驼、马、人、奴隶或非奴隶生产的”,这些都无关紧要,财富由什么人消费,是少数人还是大多数人,也是无须关注的。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:358

1. The next object of criticism in Thompson’s preface was the “mechanical” viewpoint of the political economists: their view that men were things, that the activity of men and the motion of machines was of equal value. All that this group of economists cared for was achieving the highest possible level of production and ensuring the most consumption or efficient demand: “By what means, or by whom, the articles were produced, whether by camels, horses, men, slaves or not slaves, whether by hard labor or easy labor, by healthful or life-consuming exertion, signified not.” Who consumed the wealth, whether it was the minority or the majority, was not important either. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 277.

2. (八)战争问题中的唯心论和机械论的倾向,是一切错误观点的认识论上的根源。他们看问题的方法是主观的和片面的。或者是毫无根据地纯主观地说一顿;或者是只根据问题的一侧面,一时候的表现,也同样主观地把它夸大起来,当作全体看。——《毛泽东选集(第二卷)》,1991:447

2. 8. Epistemologically speaking, the source of all erroneous views on war lies in idealist and mechanistic tendencies on the question. People with such tendencies are subjective and one-sided in their approach to problems. They either indulge in groundless and purely subjective talk, or, basing themselves upon a single aspect or a temporary manifestation, magnify it with similar subjectivity into the whole of the problem. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 2), 1965: 121.

3. 应用到生命上的机械论是一个无能为力的范畴,如果我们不愿意放弃名称的全部意义,那末我们最多只能说化学论。目的:黑格尔,第5卷第205页396:“由于机械论企图把自为的自然界看作一个在它的概念上不需要任何别的东西的整体,所以机械论本身就表现为向着整体性的一种追求,而这整体性在目的中以及在和目的相联系的外部世界的悟性中是找不到的。”——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:550

3. Mechanism applied to life is a helpless category, at the most we could speak of chemism, if we do not want to renounce all understanding of names. Purpose: Hegel, V, p. 205: "Thus mechanism manifests itself as a tendency of totality in that it seeks to seize nature for itself as a whole which requires no other for its notion—a totality which is not found in end and the extra-mundane understanding which is associated therewith." -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 490.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
传统主流心理学一直以自然科学为模板,寻求和定位自己前行的轨迹,在其形成与发展的过程中表现出强烈的机械论倾向。——“试论传统主流心理学机械论倾向的弊端”,载于《天中学刊》2005年第1期
Traditional mainstream psychology looked for its road, simulating the nature science, so it expressed strong tendency of mechanism in the process of formation and development.

例句 2:
莱布尼茨是近代著名科学家、思想家,他在近代机械论日趋上升的情况下,提出了与之相对立的自然有机论。——《莱布尼茨自然有机论研究》,中国科学技术大学博士学位论文,2010
Leibniz was a famous scientist and philosopher in the 17th century. He produced the organic view of nature opposite to the mechanism which was keeping up.

例句 3:
近代欧洲科学革命表明,从哥白尼到牛顿时代,始终有两个主题贯穿着17世纪的自然哲学领域:一是柏拉图—毕达哥拉斯传统,一是机械论哲学。——《贝克莱的自然哲学和科学哲学思想研究》,湘潭大学硕士学位论文,2010
Modern scientific revolution in Europe has shown that natural philosophy in the 17th-century had been always dominated of two themes from Copernicus to Newton’s: one is Plato-Pythagorean traditional School, and the other is mechanistic philosophy.

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