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字词 主观
释义

主观【英】

subjective (adj.); subjectivity

译文来源

Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1987: 345.

定义

主观,指人的意识、思想、认识等;客观,指人的意识之外的物质世界或认识对象。主观和客观的关系问题,是认识论中的基本问题。唯心主义颠倒主观与客观的真实关系,提出主观决定客观,否认客观的独立性和主观对于客观的依赖性。机械唯物论虽然承认客观的独立性及其对主观的决定作用,但不懂得主观对客观的能动性和反作用。辩证唯物主义全面科学地解决了主观与客观的关系问题,认为主观与客观是对立统一的关系。客观不依赖于主观独立存在着,客观决定主观,主观能动地反映客观和反作用于客观,对客观事物的发展起促进或阻碍作用。并指出主观与客观在实践基础上的统一、一致,不是僵死的,而是一个过程。由于客观事物本身的复杂性及其处在不断的变化发展之中,由于主观认识受社会历史条件、阶级地位(在阶级社会中如此)和科学知识水平等等的限制,使主观认识常落后于客观实际,主观与客观之间常产生矛盾,这个矛盾,只有经过不断实践、不断总结经验(包括失败的教训),才能逐步做到主观与客观具体的历史的统一。有时亦用主观指认识上的主观片面,不从实际出发,主观地看问题;用客观指认识的客观性,从客观实际出发,客观地看问题。(金炳华,2003:184)

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 因此,当我们要寻找极端的幻想、盲从和迷信时,如果不到那种象德国自然哲学一样竭力把客观世界嵌入自己主观思维的框子里的自然科学派别中去寻找,而到那种单凭经验、非常蔑视思维、实际上走到了极端缺乏思想的地步的相反的派别中去寻找,那末我们就大致不会犯什么错误。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:389

1. In accordance with this we should hardly err in looking for the most extreme degree of fantasy, credulity, and superstition, not in that trend of natural science which, like the German philosophy of nature, tries to force the objective world into the framework of its subjective thought, but rather in the opposite trend, which, exalting mere experience, treats thought with sovereign disdain and really has gone to the furthest extreme in emptiness of thought. -Quoted from Marx & Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 345.

2. “决定论的立场正确还是非决定论的立场正确,这是无法证明的。只有至善至美的科学或者证明其不可能有的科学才能解决这个问题。这里的问题是:我们在考察事物时使用(man heranbringt)什么样的前提,要看我们究竟把多大的主观成分(subjektives Gewicht)归于以往研究的成败。但是在进行研究时,每个思想家在理论上必然是一个决定论者。”(《认识和谬误》德文第2版第282-283页) ——《列宁全集(第十八卷)》,1988:196-197

2. “The correctness of the position of determinism or indeterminism cannot be demonstrated. Only a perfect science or a demonstrably impossible science could decide this question. It is a matter of the presuppositions which we bring (man heranbringt) to the consideration of things, depending upon whether we ascribe to previous successes or failures of the investigation a greater or lesser subjective weight (subjektives Gewicht). But during the investigation every thinker is of necessity a theoretical determinist” (Knowledge and Error, 2nd German edition, pp. 282-83). -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 14), 1977: 191.

3. 齐泽克说,马克思经济哲学(历史现象学)所提供的两个尺度,即物化颠倒与抽象成为统治的双重颠倒,已经为我们理解幻觉(illusion)提供了正确的方式。马克思所说的那个“尽管他们对其一无所知,但却仍然正在做”,其中的幻觉并不发生在主观的“知”上,而是真实地发生在现实自身之中,幻觉就存在于人们正在做的事情之中。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思主义思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:391

3. According to Zizek, Marxist economic philosophy (historical phenomenology) provides two measurements, namely, the material inversion and the double-inversion of abstraction becoming the ruler, on which we depend in order to understand illusion. In Marx's saying that “they do not know it, still they are doing it”, fantasy does not take place with the subjective “knowing” but occurs with the reality itself, with what people are doing. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 502.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
“主观理性”与“共同感”的矛盾是现代性深层的“二律背反”。——“‘关系理性’与真实的‘共同体’”,载于《中国社会科学》2015年第6期
The contradiction between suhjective rationality and sense of commonality is theprofound antinomy of modernity.

例句 2:
但是,当胡塞尔试图对这种关联做出进一步的阐明时,却发现自己不得不面对所谓的“人类主体性悖论”——人的主观意识作为世界的一个部分如何能够同时又是整个世界的呈现的前提条件?——“胡塞尔先验现象学还原的两个步骤和三条道路”,载于《吉首大学学报(社会科学版)》2016年第4期
However, when Husserl tried to elucidate the correlation between world and subjectivity, he encountered the following problem:while human subjectivity is a part ofworld, how could it play the role as the condition of the world at the same time?

例句 3:
对客观实证论与主观建构论视域下的历史事实、客观实证论与主观建构论的理论缺陷,以及历史的真实性是否存在等问题进行了分析与论述。——“历史事实历史真实——从客观实证论到主观建构论”,载于《沈阳大学学报(社会科学版)》2013年第5期
The problems like historical facts under the perspective of metaethical objectivismand subjective constructionism, the theoretical defects of metaethical objectivism and subjective constructionism as well as the existence of historical authenticity are expounded

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