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字词 暴力论
释义

暴力论【英】

force theory; theory of violence

译文来源

[1] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 2008: 149.
[2] Force Theory. via: https://zh.scribd.com/document/238222562/Force-Theory
[3] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:283.

定义

暴力论是关于阶级和国家起源的学说,即是认为国家和阶级产生于暴力、革命和冲突。暴力论将暴力视为本原,而经济只是第二等事实;认为私有制、阶级、国家都起源于暴力行为,否认经济因素是社会发展的基础。这一学说最早出现于19世纪末20世纪初,其代表人物有奥地利的龚普洛维奇和德国的杜林。龚普洛维奇将暴力斗争视为人类历史前进的动力,把国家的产生简单地归结为一个较强的原始民族对另一个较弱的原始民族实行暴力征服,把人类历史的发展归因于种族斗争,而不是根植于经济原因和利益原因的阶级斗争。杜林也把暴力看作是历史“本原的东西”,认为私有财产、阶级和统治关系产生的根源应“从直接的政治暴力中去寻找,而不是从间接的经济力量中去寻找”,并将私有制称为“基于暴力的所有制”。恩格斯在《反杜林论》中对“暴力论”观点进行了彻底的批判,指出,“私有财产在历史上的出现,决不是掠夺和暴力的结果”,“暴力虽然可以改变占有状况,但是不能创造私有财产本身”,经济力量才是暴力本身的‘本原的东西’。也就是说暴力仅仅是手段,经济利益才是目的,龚普洛维奇和杜林颠倒了政治和经济的关系。马克思主义的一般观点认为,在阶级和国家的产生过程中,暴力所起的作用是不容否定的,但它不是根本原因。私有制、阶级和国家的出现归根到底是生产力发展到一定阶段的结果(金炳华,2003:283)。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 恩格斯的《欧根·杜林先生在科学中实行的变革》一书“只是顺便说出的一些机智的尝试”,因此米海洛夫斯基先生认为,这部著作中所涉及的大量重要问题,是可以完全回避的,尽管这些“机智的尝试”很机智地表明了“从空想开始的”社会学的空洞无物,尽管这部著作详细地批判了那种认为政治法律制度决定经济制度的“暴力论”,亦即《俄国财富》杂志的政论家先生们那么热心宣扬的“暴力论”。的确,对一部著作胡诌几句毫无意义的空话,比认真分析哪怕是其中唯物主义地解决了的一个问题,要容易得多。——《列宁全集(第一卷)》,1984:116

1. Engels’ book— Herrn E. Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft —represents “only witty attempts made in passing,” and Mr. Mikhailovsky therefore considers it possible to ignore completely the mass of essential questions dealt with in that work, despite the fact that these “witty attempts” very wittily show the emptiness of sociologies which “start with utopias,” and despite the fact that this work contains a detailed criticism of the “force theory,” which asserts that political and legal systems determine economic systems and is so zealously pro-fessed by the gentlemen who write in Russkoye Bogatstvo. Of course, it is much easier, is it not, to utter a few meaningless phrases about a work than to make a serious examination of even one of the problems materialistically solved in it. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1977: 149.

2. 问题正是在于如何说明阶级和统治关系的产生,如果杜林先生对这个问题总是只用“暴力”这一个词来回答,那末这并不能使我们前进一步。被统治者和被剥削者在任何时代都比统治者和剥削者多得多,所以真正的暴力总是在前者的手里,仅仅这一简单的事实就足以说明整个暴力论的荒谬性。因此,统治和奴役的种种关系还有待说明。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:194

2. But the question at issue is how we are to explain the origin of classes and relations based on domination, and if Herr Dühring's only answer is the one word "force", we are left exactly where we were at the start. The mere fact that the ruled and exploited have at all times been far more numerous than the rulers and the exploiters, and that therefore it is in the hands of the former that the real force has reposed, is enough to demonstrate the absurdity of the whole force theory. The relationships based on domination and subjection have therefore still to be explained. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 166.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
在“暴力论”的三章文献中,恩格斯从逻辑与时间、抽象与具体、历史与现实的层面,综合论述了经济与暴力的关系。——《恩格斯“暴力论”思想研究——从“经济在归根结蒂层面上的作用”看》,浙江师范大学硕士学位论文,2014
In the three chapters in the literature of the theory of “violence”, Engels discusses the relationship between economy and violence in logic and time, abstract and concrete, the level of history and reality.

例句 2:
权力对身体的规训由来己久,不管是福柯的“权力身体”论,还是布尔迪厄的“符号暴力论”,都描述与分析了身体所受的来自经济、文化、习俗等方面的规训与制约。——《微观权力下的女性身体与自我认知建构》,复旦大学硕士学位论文,2011
The disciplinary powers of the body had been discussed a long time, whether it was stated by Foucault’s “power/body” theory, or by Pierre Bourdieu’s “symbolic violence” theory.

例句 3:
此内容主要分为六个部分,从马克思主义与马克思主义的区别开始展开,详细论述了竞争与斗争、阶级竞争与阶级互助、调和论与暴力论、人道主义的精神与劳工神圣的观念等几个方面的对立,从而得出一点自己的结论。——《李大钊与马克思主义——以身份认同与主义选择为中心》,安徽大学硕士学位论文,2012
This content is mainly divided into six parts, from “Marx” and “Marx”, difference begins to unfold, discusses in detail the competition and struggle, class struggle and class cooperation, and violence on humanitarian spirit and holy labor concept of several aspects of the conflict, resulting in a little of his own conclusion.

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