字词 | 异化和外化 |
释义 | 异化和外化【英】alienation and estrangement译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 48. 定义异化(alienation)系德文“Eettvemdnng”的意译,德文中最初的原意为转让、疏远、脱离等。在理论理性视域中,异化是一个阐述主体与客体关系的重要哲学范畴,它通常表明,主体在发展过程中产生、分化出自己的对立面——客体,这个对立面作为一种异己力量反转过来支配主体自身的现象和过程。在黑格尔看来,异化是指个人选择和行动的自由似乎变成了一种独立的力量在制约着他。马克思特别使用“异化劳动”这一概念,认为当人们被迫把劳动出卖给雇主时,他们从自己的生产能力中异化出来了。哲学中的异化概念,所阐释的是主体与客体、本质与存在的双重否定性的辩证关系,在主体向客体、本质向存在借助否定之否定的原则外化的过程中,主体与客体相互转化,本质与存在同时也相互转化。可见,异化是事物不断自我否定,自我扬弃的辩证运动过程(卢之超,1993:901-902)。异化有时候也与外化通用,二者在特定情况下区分不明显。所谓外化就是内在的东西转化为外在的东西,它是黑格尔经常使用的一个哲学概念。但异化强调的是从自身分裂出的对立面与自身对立,而外化只指出自身分裂或转化为他物,而不特别强调他物与自身的对立。黑格尔认为,“绝对精神”作为万事万物之本原是外在于自然界和人类社会的,自然界和人类社会就是“绝对精神”外化的结果。最初,“绝对精神”是以抽象的、纯粹的思想和概念形态存在的。宇宙精神就是这种“绝对精神”的代表。“绝对精神”经过自我发展和辩证运动,实现了对自身的突破,从纯粹的思想和概念转变为异于自己的感性物质形式。黑格尔认为,自然界和人类社会就在此时出现了。黑格尔认为,精神观念本质上是一种内在的东西,而自然界则是一种外在的东西。因此,由观念到自然界的转化是一种“外化”的过程。黑格尔没有把精神观念看成是客观世界的反映,相反,他把客观世界看成是观念的化身(刘建明,1993:518)。 定义来源[1] 卢之超.马克思主义大辞典[Z].中国和平出版社,1993. 例句1. 按照布鲁诺·鲍威尔先生的一件,自我意识是一切宗教观念的基础:它构成福音的创造原则。但是为什么自我意识的原则所造成的结果在这里比自我意识本身更强有力呢?人们用纯粹的德国的精神回到我们说,这是因为:自我意识固然是宗教观念的创造原则,但是他只有作为自身、自相矛盾、自我外化和异化的自我意识,才能成为这种创造原则。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二卷)》,1957:50. 1. Self-consciousness, according to Herr Bruno Bauer, lies at the basis of all religious ideas. It is, he says, the creative principle of the gospels. Why, then, were the, consequences of the principle of self-consciousness more powerful than self-consciousness itself? Because, the answer comes after the German fashion, self-consciousness is indeed the creative principle of religious ideas but only as self-consciousness outside itself, in contradiction to itself, alienated and estranged. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family or Critique of Critical Criticism, 1975: 41. 2. 劳动的实现就是劳动的对象化。在被国民经济学作为前提的那种状态下,劳动的这种实现表现为工人的失去现实性,对象化表现为对象的丧失和被对象奴役,占有表现为异化、外化。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十二卷)》,1979:91 2. Labour's realisation is its objectification. Under these economic conditions this realisation of labour appears as loss of realisation for the workers; objectification as loss of the object and bondage to it; appropriation as estrangement, as alienation. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3): Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, 1975: 48. 3. 这正是后来马克思在历史唯物主义的客观视角中肯定劳动价值论的先导性因素。不过,这时马克思的肯定总是有很大保留的。因为,在他看来,以政治经济学的观点对政治经济学所进行的批判承认人类活动的一切本质规定,但只是在异化、外化的形式中来承认。例如,在这里他把时间对人的劳动的意义变为时间对工资、对雇佣劳动的意义。可是,如果不是从政治经济学的立场去批判政治经济学,不是站在资产阶级观点的范围内去批判资产阶级社会,那么应该从何处出发呢?从马克思当时的语境来看,当然只能从哲学出发。一种以社会主义为指向的关心人的唯物主义的哲学。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:272 3. This is the first precursor to Marx's affirmation of the labor theory of value from the objective perspective of historical materialism. However, at this time, Marx’s affirmation was still very conservative. This is because in his opinion, any criticism of political economy from the standpoint of political economy conceded all the essential qualifications on human activity, but only in their estranged, alienated forms. For example, he changes the significance of time to human labor into the significance of time to wages, and to hired labor. However, if one does not criticize political economy from the standpoint of political economy, if one does not stand on the bourgeois point of view to criticize bourgeois society, how does one go about criticizing? Considering Marx’s context at the time, he could only begin with philosophy—this was a materialist philosophy that had socialism as its orientation and that focused on humans. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 207. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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