字词 | 结构主义社会交换论 |
释义 | 结构主义社会交换论【英】a structural theory of social exchange译文来源A Structural Theory of Social Exchange. via: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED164370 定义美国社会学家彼得·布劳提出“结构主义”的观点,试图对现实生活中不平等交换的原因、作用、影响等问题作出解释,主张从社会结构特征研究人与人之间的交换服务的理论。布劳的《社会生活中的交换和权力》(1964)一书就是他从社会结构的角度系统阐述自己的交换学说的著作,并被公认是对霍曼斯理论的重要修正和发展。布劳认为:“社会交换,指的是人们被期望从别人那里得到的并且一般来说确实也从别人那里得到了的回报所激励的自愿活动”(彼得·布劳,2008:148),“交换理论的目标是通过分析构成交换的互惠过程,根据交换原理来解释社会生活,而不是根据动机和隐含的心理学原理”(彼得·布劳,2008:3)。布劳主要是从以下四个方面来分析社会交换行为的:(1)他把微观层次的分析法应用于宏观结构,力求从个人人际互动过程中找到支配复杂的社会结构的社会过程;(2)布劳认为,社会有社会的特性,这种社会属性只有在社会(而不是小群休)所特有的复杂的互动脉络中才会产生;(3)布劳承认不公平交换的存在,认为这也是社会交换的主要形式之一;(4)布劳主张社会交换只是一种有限的活动。社会交换能否继续进行取决于对方的反应,如果人们没有得到预期的奖励反应,交换就会中止。人与人之间的交换服务形成一种交换结构,这种结构称为共同价值。布劳从下列几个概念上发展了社会交换论:(1)布劳认为人们共同的价值观就是交换媒介;(2)社会生活是被许多相互矛后的力量统治的生活;(3)权力是资源缺乏的一方在交换中除服从以外别无他法回报的结呆。社会交换论这个社会学流派重视人的需求和心理因素,重视非正式群体的研究,强调奖励的意义,强化因素的作用。同时,社会交换论存在着心理主义的局限性,因为它过分夸大心理因素对社会行为的影响,不适当地突出个人利益对社会活动的支配作用,片面强调人是出于个人目的而从事交换,完全无视社会因索对心理因素的主导作用和人的生活目的的象征意义的作用。 定义来源彼得·布劳.社会生活中的交换与权力[M].李国武译,商务印书局,2008. 例句1. 一个人的商品必须通过社会交换才能成为真正的商品,因此,正像我们前面所说的,社会关系的层面凸现出来了。但这种社会唯物主义是一种“经验的抽象”,这是社会唯物主义的初级层面(第一、二层级)。而斯密的“另一半”和李嘉图则成为社会唯物主义第三层级的新的基础,它们已经构成一类对社会本质的科学抽象。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:60 1. One person’s commodity can only become a true commodity through social exchange; as such, the importance of the social relationship level of analysis begins to become clear. However, this form of social materialism was an “empirical abstraction,” the most fundamental level of social materialism (the first and second levels). Smith’s “other half,” along with Ricardo’s theories, formed the new basis of social materialism, creating a scientific abstraction of the essence of society. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 32. 2. 但现代经济活动(以交换为目的的经济活动和关系总体)并不是永恒的,产品以商品形式在社会交换中实现出来的一个经济整体是在一定的历史条件下才可能出现的;市场经济的客观力量决定性地成为主导性关系,这个过程也是历史性的,例如价值规律只能出现于商品经济运行之中。所以,经济决定论就错在这里,即将资产阶级社会中在特定时期出现的现象和规律畸变为一种抽象的一般规律。这也是对马克思狭义历史唯物主义的一种误认!因为,狭义历史唯物主义只是对经济力量颠倒地决定人与社会这样一种特定的历史情境的指认。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:451 2. However, modern economic activity (the totality of relationships and economic activity aimed at achieving exchange) is not eternal. The economic totality realized in social exchange by products in the form of commodities can only appear under certain historical conditions. The objective power of the market economy becomes the determining, dominant relationship. This process is also historical; for instance, the laws of value can only appear in the economic operation of commodities. Therefore, economic determinism is wrong in its mutation of phenomena and laws that appear in certain periods of bourgeois society into abstract, general laws. This is a misunderstanding of Marx’s special theory of historical materialism. This is because the special theory of historical materialism is an identification of the inverted way in which economic forces determine man and society in certain historical circumstances. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 352. 3. 原来,交换价值只是商品在社会交换中得以实现的手段和工具,可是,在商品经济的进一步发展中,商品经济的各种元素的位置和关系开始发生重要的变化:其一是原来作为手段出现的货币(交换关系)越来越成为生产的目的。“生产的发展越是使每一个生产者依赖于自己的商品的交换价值,也就是说,产品越是在实际上成为交换价值,而交换价值越是成为生产的直接目的。”其二是交换关系本身开始成为人与人的关系中支配性的东西。货币成了经济运作中真实的统治性权力因素。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:559 3. Originally, exchange value was only the means and tool by which commodities were realized in social exchange; however, in the further development of the commodity economy, the place and elements of the commodity economy began to experience two important changes. First, money which first appeared as a means (exchange relation) begins to become the purpose of production. “To the degree that production is shaped in such a way that every producer becomes dependent on the exchange value of his commodity, i.e. as the product increasingly becomes an exchange value in reality, and exchange value becomes the immediate object of production.” Second, relations of exchange themselves begin to become the dominant things in interhuman relations. Money becomes the true ruling power in economic operation. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 442-443. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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