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字词 基质(又作始基)
释义

基质(又作始基)【英】

substratum; material substance; material substratum

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:589.
[2] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1986: 147.
[3] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 426.
[4] Hypokeimenon. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokeimenon

定义

西方哲学史用语。古希腊亚里士多德用以解释事物的派生、生灭和变化。他在论述早期自然哲学家泰勒斯、阿那克西曼德时,把它与本原、本体、质料等类似概念混合使用。后把实体(基质)分为形式、质料、运动的内在原则,把基质看成经历变化和发展仍继续存在的质料,指事物所由产生并在事物内始终存在着的那种永恒的东西。他又从逻辑学谓语表述观点出发,把基质看作是被其他东西所表述而它并不表述其他东西的主词。以后希腊哲学家继续在本体和逻辑方面使用这个范畴。斯多亚学派把它列为四个范畴的第一个:主词。新柏拉图学派(例如普罗提诺)把它理解为物质(金炳华等,2001:589)。魏义霞指出,无论在东方还是西方,全部的古代哲学都可以归结为寻找始基的活动。始基的存在和特点直接影响了古代哲学的思维方式。具体地说,在古代哲学中,始基具有不生不灭、万古永恒、无所不包等特点。作为全部古代哲学的基本范畴与核心概念,始基的特点决定了古代哲学的两个基本特征:一是追求世界的统一性,二是承认生灭而漠视创造。古代哲学的所有这些特征反映在思维方式上,便是强调宇宙万物之间的联系,而天人同构、万物一体便是这种思维方式的直接后果(魏义霞,2004:01)。始基虽然是古希腊哲学偏爱的范畴,但它同样适用于包括中世纪哲学和中国古代哲学在内的所有古代哲学。只不过是在中世纪哲学中,上帝取代了始基的称谓;而在中国哲学中,始基拥有了“本”、“元”、“始”等诸多名字而已。

定义来源

[1] 金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001.
[2] 魏义霞.始基的特点与古代哲学的思维方式[J].哈尔滨学院学报,2004(1).

例句

1. 因此,货币只有在流通中才是这种物质符号;货币一旦脱离流通便又成为已实现的价格;但是,在这一过程中,正如我们所看到的,货币单位的这一物质符号的量,这一符号的数目是重要的。因此,在货币表现为与商品相对立而存在的东西的流通中,货币的物质实体,它作为一定量的金和银的那种基质是无关紧要的,相反,货币的数目却是重要的,因为货币只是代表这些单位的一定数目的一种符号。在货币作为尺度的规定上,货币只存在于观念之中,它的物质基质是重要的,但是它的量,甚至它的存在却是无关紧要的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十六卷上)》,1979:163

1. As such an objective symbol, therefore, money appears only in circulation. Withdrawn from circulation it becomes realised price again; but within the process, as we have seen, the quantity, the number of these objective symbols of the monetary unit is essentially determined. Hence, while in circulation, in which money appears as objectively confronting commodities, its material substance, its basis as a definite quantity of gold or silver, is without significance, its amount, on the contrary, is essentially determined since it is merely a symbol for a definite number of these units. In its determination as measure, in which it was introduced only notionally, its material basis was of essential significance but its quantity and its existence in general were of no consequence. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1986: 147.

2. 总之,我们还是只有原子与“虚空”,不管伊壁鸠鲁本人如何反对这一点。亚里士多德已经深思熟虑地指出了那种以某一抽象原则为出发点的方法的表面性,但他却没有让这一原则在高级形式中被扬弃。他称赞毕达哥拉斯派,因为他们最早使范畴脱离其基质,不把范畴看作特殊的本质,如象范畴之于谓语那样,而是认为,范畴就是内在的实体本身。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十卷)》,1982:56

2. In other words, we have nothing but the atom and the хеуоу, but despite Epicurus himself striving against this, etc. Aristotle has already in a profound manner criticised the superficiality of the method which proceeds from an abstract principle without allowing this principle to negate itself in higher forms. After praising the Pythagoreans because they were the first to free the categories from their substrate, and did not consider them as attributes of the things of which they are predicated, but as the very substance itself. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 426.

3. 但是,因为这些产品是为活动、即为真正的生活所必需的,因为这些产品由于整个人类的共同活动而好像是同人类分开了的,所以对所有的人说来,这些产品是——或者应该是——进一步发展的共同基质(财产的共有性)。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷):德意志意识形态》,1956:546

3. But since these products are indispensable for activity, that is to say, for true life, and since by reason of the common activity of mankind as a whole they have, so to speak, detached themselves from mankind, they are or should be the common substratum of further development for all (community of goods). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5): The German Ideology, 1975: 463.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
结果表明澄板土的非饱和导水率随含水量减小呈非线性降低,高吸力段(100—100000kPa)在双对数坐标中随基质吸力增加以某一特定速率线性下降。——“莫高窟壁画地仗土的土水特性研究”,载于《敦煌研究》2011年第6期
Research results show that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of was he dsoil decreases non-linearly as the water content decreases, while at a high-suction section (100-100000kPa) it has a linear decline at a certain specific rate as the matrix suction increases in double logarithmic coordinates.

例句 2:
生长基质如何选择?尝试水培法,将植物种植在不同的生长基质中进行实验——哪种基质效果最好呢?——“科学实验室:无土栽培乐趣多”,载于《疯狂英语(中学版)》2014年第10期

例句 3:
栽培基质是花卉生产的重要基础,基质的质量对花卉的生长状况和产品品质有着直接影响。——“基质产品开发顺应市场需求”,载于《中国花卉园艺》2013年第5期

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更新时间:2024/9/30 5:50:00