字词 | 证伪(又作否证) |
释义 | 证伪(又作否证)【英】falsification; refutation; to disprove译文来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:388. 定义证伪,又称“否证”,是指在实践基础上用经验方法或逻辑方法对某个理论或命题的谬误性的判定。根据证伪对象和证伪方式的不同,可以分为直接证伪和间接证伪两种。直接证伪是指以事实命题(经验知识)为对象、以事实命题直接与观察实验的结果对照为方式的证伪;间接证伪是指理论命题(理论知识)为对象、从某一理论命题推导出单称事实命题再经过直接证伪来判断命题为假的证伪。间接证伪不可以直接判断某一命题为假,必须借助于经验、观察等实践活动的直接检验来判定理论命题为谬误。理论的证伪是一个极其复杂的过程,任何一次性的证伪都是无效的、不能成立的。原因在于:第一,间接证伪一般借助于演绎推理的逻辑形式,推理的前提通常由理论定律和关于先行条件的陈述共同组成,而非由单个理论定律组成,因此当结论与经验事实不符合时,则无法判定是理论定律有错还是关于先行条件的陈述有错。第二,某些理论通过修改辅助性假说来维护理论的核心部分,使理论能够重新解释反常的经验事实而趋于完善,这种理论的“韧性”使其免于被证伪。第三,受经验检验的主客观因素的限制,如观察仪器和实验设备的精密度、观察者和实验者本身的主观因素等,使得否证理论经验证据往往具有可谬性。第四,理论的证伪问题实质上涉及不同理论的竞争与选择的问题,对某一理论的证伪,是出于对另一个理论的倾向和选择,并不能直接否证和反驳这一理论。“科学认识领域中任何一个理论体系都是由一系列理论命题构成的,理论的核心部分也通常由若干个理论命题所组成,个别的经验事实很难对其中的每一个理论命题都加以否证。”(金炳华,2003:388) 定义来源金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 黑格尔的《精神现象学》是个体意识中的颠倒图景的再颠倒。它试图告诉我们,个人眼中的那个感性物质世界实际上是虚假的,因为它是由自我意识依据理性观念构境而成的。《精神现象学》描述了从个别到特殊再到一般(即客观感性一自我意识一理念)、从个别的“多”到一般的“一”(否定性的具体到抽象)的现象证伪过程。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:81 1. Hegel’s Phänomenologie des Geistes is a re-inversion of the inverted image within the individual consciousness. In it, Hegel tries to tell us that the perceptual, material world which we observe with our eyes is, in fact, false. This is because it is formed from self-consciousness relying on rational concepts. Phenomenology of the Spirit describes the process of phenomenon falsification which moves from particular to special to general (objective perception—self-consciousness—idea) and from an individual “many” to a general “one. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 49-50. 2. 与费尔巴哈相比,黑格尔倒是真正批判(当然是错误地、唯心主义地批判)资产阶级社会经济现实的。关于这一点,马克思在十多年以后的《1857—1858年经济学手稿》的狭义历史唯物主义中才发现。这是一个十分复杂的理论问题,其间的理论逻辑矛盾和转换可谓峰回路转,犬牙交错,并非如我们传统哲学研究构架所假想的那样简单。接着,马克思开始对黑格尔的辩证法进行一种全面的清理。这种批判绝不是基于马克思主义“唯物辩证法”的改造,而是从费尔巴哈的一般唯物主义特别是人本主义逻辑所投射出的理论证伪。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:257 2. Compared to Feuerbach, Hegel truly criticizes (though, of course, this is an incorrect idealist criticism) the economic reality of bourgeois society. Marx did not realize this until the advent of his special theory of historical materialism in Grundrisse. This is an extremely complex theoretical question, full of theoretical logical contradictions—it is certainly not as simple as we have imagined in the framework of our traditional philosophical research. Next, Marx conducts a comprehensive systematization of Hegel’s dialectic. This critique is certainly not based in a restructured Marxist “materialist dialectic,” but was rather a theoretical refutation projected from Feuerbach’s general materialism, and especially from his humanism. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 194. 3. 马克思的历史现象学建构,首先是从资本主义经济事实中作为中心显像的流通领域之幻象证伪开始的。在此,资产阶级经济学的一切物相意识形态和蒲鲁东式改良主义幻想,都第一次遭遇科学的重拳出击,被打得粉身碎骨。流通王国的幻境背后,呈现出由资本主义生产过程构筑的剥削性奴役经济关系本质。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:551 3. The construction of Marx’s historical phenomenology began by disproving the illusion of circulation as the central dominant phenomenon in capitalist economic “fact.” Here, all the illusions of the material ideology of bourgeois economics and Proudhon-style revisionism were first scientifically rebutted and completely overthrown. Behind the illusion of the “kingdom” of circulation appears the essence of the exploitive, enslaving economic relations created by capitalist production processes. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 435-436. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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