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字词 利息和利润
释义

利息和利润【英】

interest and profit

译文来源

Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 49.

定义

利息为债务人为取得货币或货币资本而向债权人支付的超过本金的部分。在货币的借贷关系中,债权人出让的不是货币的所有权,而是货币的使用价值在一定时间内的支配权,到期后,债务人必须将货币偿还给债权人,并向债权人支付货币使用费,这一使用费就是利息。换句话说,在借贷关系中,交易双方是将货币在一定时间内的使用价值作为商品进行买卖,利息就是这一商品的价格。因此,利息是由这一商品的供求关系所决定(胡代光,1996:454)。
 利润指出售产品所得到的收益超过为生产产品而支付的成本的余额。西方会计把购买生产要素的实际支出作为成本,包括工资、租金和利息。西方经济学虽然也把这些视为成本,但它所说的是“机会成本”,即如果不把所购买到的要素用于目前生产,而用于其它生产可能获得的收益。机会成本可能大于或小于实际成本(胡代光,1996:68)。
 马克思的剩余价值理论指出,利润是剩余价值的一种转化形式,利息是利润的一部分,因此,利息和利润的关系是部分和总体之间的关系。在质上,二者同质,都根源于剩余价值,都是剩余价值的转化形态。在量上,利息只是利润的一部分。虽然在个别借贷场合或是历史上的某个时期,利息可能会超过利润,但从整个历史来看,或总体上看,利息只是利润的一部分。利息是对利润的分割,利息和纯利润,也就是企业主收入,是此长彼消的关系。利息高,则企业主收入减少,反之,企业主收入则增加。从历史上看,利息从属于利润发生在资本主义经济正式建立之后,而利息本身是一个比利润还要古老的经济范畴,它的生性是贪婪的,在奴隶社会和封建社会,它除了债务人的承受能力之外,并没有什么界限。在社会主义社会,利息仍然是企业利润的一部分(张正学等,1993:186-187)。

定义来源

[1] 胡代光.现代西方经济学辞典[Z].中国社会科学出版社,1996.
[2] 张正学,刘永功.利息学辞典[Z].陕西人民出版社,1993.

例句

1. 假使蒲鲁东说时间不能把苍蝇变为大象,那末批判的批判也同样可以推而言之:既然如此,他就没有理由把劳动时间当做工资的量度。生产某个物品所必须花费的劳动时间属于这个物品的生产费用,某个物品的生产费用也就是它值多少,即它能卖多少钱(如果撇开竞争的影响),这一点甚至连批判的批判也不会不了解。除劳动时间和劳动材料外,经济学家还把土地所有者的地租以及资本家的利息和利润也算入生产费用。在蒲鲁东那里,地租、利息和利润都消失了,因为在他那里私有财产消失了。于是剩下的只有劳动时间和预支费用。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二卷):神圣家族》,1957:61

1. Had Proudhon said that time cannot change a fly into an elephant, Critical Criticism could have said with the same justification: he has therefore no right to make labour time the measure of wages. Even Critical Criticism must be capable of grasping that the labour time expended on the production of an object is included in the cost of production of that object, that the cost of production of an object is what it costs, and therefore what it can be sold for, abstraction being made of the influence of competition. Besides the labour time and the material of labour, economists include in the cost of production the rent paid to the owner of the land, interest and the profit of the capitalist. The latter are excluded by Proudhon because he excludes private property. Hence there remain only the labour time and the expenses. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family, 1975: 49.

2. “蒲鲁东根据人类因利息和利润制度以及消费和生产的不平衡而特别遭 到损害这一点,得出了财产不可能的证明;这个证明缺少一个能补其不足的反面,即证明私有财产在历史上是可能的。”希图侥幸的本能使批判的批判决定不去深究蒲鲁东关于利息和利润制度等等的论断,也就是说,不去深究蒲鲁东的一些最重要 的论断。问题在于:如果没有关于私有制运动问题的十分实际的知识,要想在这一点上批判蒲鲁东,哪怕只是做个批判的样子,也完全是不可能的。于是批判的批判指出蒲鲁东没有提供私有财产的历史可能性的证明,企图以此弥补自己的无能为力。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二卷):神圣家族》,1957:64

2. “The proof of the impossibility of property that Proudhon draws from the fact that mankind ruins itself particularly by the interest and profit system and by the disproportion between consumption and production lacks its counterpart, namely, the proof that private property is historically possible.” Critical Criticism has- the fortunate instinct not to go into Proudhon’s reasoning on the interest and profit system, etc. i.e. into the most important part of his argument. The reason is that on this point not even a semblance of criticism of Proudhon can be offered without absolutely positive knowledge of the movement of private property. Critical Criticism tries to make up for its impotence by observing that Proudhon has not proved the historical possibility of property. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family, 1975: 51.

3. 在“批判性的评注2”中,马克思是从劳动时间与生产费用的关系出发展开新一轮分析的。他先指出,在资产阶级经济学家那里,除去劳动时间,他们还将“土地所有者的地租以及资本家的利息和利润也算入生产费用”,而蒲鲁东由于否定了私有财产,所以地租、利息与利润都消失了,只存在劳动时间和预付费用,这样,“蒲鲁东既把劳动时间,即人类活动本身的直接定在,当做工资和规定产品价值的量度,因而就使人成了决定性的因素”。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:271

3. In “Critical Comment No.2,” Marx opens a new analysis by observing the relation between labor time and the costs of production. He points out that besides labor time, bourgeois political economists “include in the cost of production the rent paid to the owner of the land, interest and the profit of the capitalist,” while Proudhon, because he rejects private property, also rejects rent, interest, and profit, thus leaving only labor time and expected expenses. “By making labour time, the immediate existence of human activity as activity, the measure of wages and the determinant of the value of the product, Proudhon makes the human side the decisive factor. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 206-207.

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