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字词 分工
释义

分工【英】

division of labour

译文来源

Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 32.

定义

分工是社会发展到一定阶段上产生的,人们按照不同的技能或社会要求从事各种不同而相互联系的工作。分工产生的原因有三:其一,劳动者的技巧因分工而日进;其二,分工减少了由一种工作转到另一种工作的损失;其三,因分工而发明的简单机械简化和节省了劳动。分工分为自然分工和社会分工,自然分工即性别的分工、天赋差别的分工等,原始社会末期,社会分工即随着生产的发展在自然分工的基础上产生的真正的社会分工:第一次是农业和畜牧业的分离,出现了专门从事农业或牧业的劳动者;第二次是手工业和农业的分离,出现了专门的工匠和独立的手工业者;第三次是商业的出现,产生了专门从事商业活动的商人。三次社会大分工的发展造成了物质生产劳动和精神生产劳动、体力劳动者和脑力劳动者的分离和对立。(分工.via: http://book.duxiu.com/EncyDetail.jsp?dxid=900014456115&d=80F26135E8FFC9696B50DCD7ECC6575C)
 社会分工在人类历史发展中具有重要作用,“一方面,它表现为社会经济形成过程中历史进步和必要的发展因素,另一方面,它又是文明的、精巧的剥削手段”。(中共中央编译局,1972:403)分工对社会经济、科学、文化的发展具有重大的推动作用,同时分工也是私有制、阶级产生的重要条件,是阶级社会各种对抗性矛盾的重要原因。固定性的分工使人们只能片面的发展某一方面的能力,只能局限于某一领域内。固定性分工同私有制、阶级对立相联系,随着生产力和科学技术的高度发展、私有制和阶级对立的消灭,到共产主义社会,固定性的社会分工也必将归于消灭,取而代之的是人们在新的社会分工形式下将获得全面的自由的发展。

定义来源

[1] 分工.via: http://book.duxiu.com/EncyDetail.jsp?dxid=900014456115&d=80F26135E8FFC9696B50DCD7ECC6575C
[2] 中共中央编译局.马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)[M].人民出版社,1972.

例句

1. 各民族之间的相互关系取决于每一个民族的生产力、分工和内部交往的发展程度。这个原理是公认的。然而不仅一个民族与其他民族的关系,而且一个民族本身的整个内部结构都取决于它的生产以及内部和外部的交往的发展程度。一个民族的生产力发展的水平,最明显地表现在该民族分工的发展程度上。任何新的生产力都会引起分工的进一步发展,因为它不仅仅是现有生产力的量的增加(例如开垦新的土地)。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)》,1956:24

1. The relations of different nations among themselves depend upon the extent to which each has developed its productive forces, the division of labour and internal intercourse. This proposition is generally recognised. But not only the relation of one nation to others, but also the whole internal structure of the nation itself depends on the stage of development reached by its production and its internal and external intercourse. How far the productive forces of a nation are developed is shown most manifestly by the degree to which the division of labour has been carried. Each new productive force, insofar as it is not merely a quantitative extension of productive forces already known (for instance, the bringing into cultivation of fresh land), causes a further development of the division of labour. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5), 1975: 32.

2. 经济形式的拜物教性质,人的一切关系的物化,不顾直接生产者的人的能力和可能性而对生产过程作抽象合理分解的分工的不断扩大,这一切改变了社会的现象,同时也改变了理解这些现象的方式。——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:53

2. The fetishistic character of economic forms, the reification of all human relations, the constant expansion and extension of the division of labour which subjects the process of production to an abstract, rational analysis, without regard to the human potentialities and abilities of the immediate producers, all these things transform the phenomena of society and with them the way in which they are perceived. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 6.

3. 西斯蒙第指出,自从人类社会有了为了市场交换的商业,有了职业性分工,每个人就不是为自己劳动,而是为社会劳动,这样,人们也等待着从社会(市场交换)得到劳动的补偿,于是,这种期冀的结果往往是对交换价值的估价代替了对物品的估价。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:92

3. Sismondi points out that ever since human society has had occupational divisions of labor and commerce to facilitate market exchange, individuals no longer labor for themselves, but rather labor for society. Thus, individuals expect to receive compensation for their labor from society (market exchange), and the result of this expectation is that price estimation based on exchange value replaces price estimation based on goods. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 59.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
社会分工最初产生于原始社会时期,是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的结果。——《马克思社会分工理论及其当代价值》,渤海大学硕士学位论文,2014
Social division of labor was originally produced in primitive society and it is the result of the social productivity to a certain stage.

例句 2:
文章综合运用历史分析、对比分析、理论分析和实证分析等研究方法,对完善我国证券监管中政府与自律组织的分工制度进行多角度论证。——《我国证券监管中政府与自律组织之分工制度研究》,中国政法大学硕士学位论文,2010
The paper applies historical analysis, comparative analysis, theoretical analysis and empirical analysis research methods, in order to make argumentation on the perfection of the division of government and self-regulatory organizations in securities regulation from a number of angles.

例句 3:
分工是马克思唯物史观的一个重要范畴,是研究历史进程和揭示社会发展规律一个中间环节。——《论分工与人的全面发展》,河北师范大学硕士学位论文,2013
Division of labor is an important category of historical materialism of Marx, but also is the study of history and reveals the law of social development of an intermediate link.

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更新时间:2024/6/26 15:36:51