证实【英】

verification; to confirm; to verify

译文来源

[1] 金炳华，冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2001：1953.
[2] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 133.
[3] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 352.

定义

作为逻辑实证主义的术语，证实是指在实践的基础上，用经验方法和逻辑方法对某个理论或命题的真理性进行判定。根据不同的标准，证实可以划分为不同的类型。根据证实对象和证实方式的不同，可以分为直接证实和间接证实。直接证实是指以事实命题即经验知识为对象、通过将事实命题直接与观察实验的结果相对照而作出的判定；间接证实是指以理论命题即理论知识为对象、根据其他有关已证实的科学定律和事实命题运用逻辑推理方法而作出的推断。根据归纳和演绎在证实过程中所起的作用的程度，可以划分为归纳证实和演绎证实。演绎证实是从待验证的理论中推演出有关事实的结论，再经过实践对理论的正确性加以验证和判定。归纳证实是指以单称事实命题为前提推导出全称理论命题的结论。由于归纳证实的前提和结论之间不具有逻辑必然性，因此归纳证实不能完全证实一个理论，只能给予某种程度的证实，因而相比于演绎实证具有较大的局限性。证实是在实践的基础上对理论或命题的正确性进行检验的过程，但这种对科学理论的证实过程是一个不断发展的历史的过程，“任何时候科学理论都只是对客观现实的近似反映，科学理论的逼真度是历史地发展的，人们检验理论的实践活动也是历史地发展的，因而人们在每个时期对理论的真理性的判定具有相对的意义。”（金炳华，2003：387）。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 依马克思此时之见，资产阶级社会中的信用业是人自我异化的极端表现，但这种人的颠倒却得到了资产阶级国民经济学的肯定，并且，在一种“对人给予高度承认的假象”下得到证实：第一，信贷这种人格的信任和肯定只提供给已经富裕的资本家，所以作为穷人的工人只能作为这种人格的对立面而被否定；第二，工人不伩不会作为人得到经济上的信用和积累的实际机会，而且“还在道德上判决他不配得到信任，不配得到承认，因而是社会的贱民，坏人”；第三，由于货币在信用业中仅仅是观念的存在，所以异化就开始发生在非实在的人格中，“人不得不把自己变成赝帀，以狡诈、谎言等手段来骗取信用”；第四，信用业在银行业中的完成，也是货帀的完成，它不过说明了资产阶级国家的本质是“商人的玩物”。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：180-181

1. According to Marx’s opinions at this point in time, the credit industry in bourgeois society is an extreme expression of man’s self-alienation. However, this inversion of man is accepted by the bourgeois national economy, confirmed “under the appearance of an extreme economic appreciation of man.” First, credit, this personification of trust and acceptance is only provided to the already-wealthy capitalists; thus poor workers can only be rejected as the opposing this personification. Second, workers not only cannot obtain economic trust and accumulated opportunities as people, “but in addition, a pejorative moral judgment that he possesses no trust, no recognition, and therefore is a social pariah, a bad man.” Third, because money only exists nominally in the credit industry, alienation begins to take place in the non-substantive human person, and “[man] has to make himself into counterfeit coin, obtain credit by stealth, by lying, etc.” Fourth, the perfection of the credit industry in the banking industry is also the perfection of money, demonstrating only that the essence of bourgeois nations is the “plaything of merchants. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 132-133.

2. 他没能正确地理解，相对于封建所有制，资产阶级社会首先意味着一种真实的人的历史解放，这种解放正是建立在大工业物质生产力的巨大发展之上的。马克思此时将“工业”不正确地等同于资产阶级社会，所以才出现了“支离破碎的工业现实不仅没有推翻，相反地，却证实了他们的自身支离破碎的原则”直到1845年以后，马克思才对生产力与生产关系进行区分，并且理解了工业只是生产力发展的一个历史阶段，从而形成了对资产阶级社会生产关系的科学批判。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：235

2. This prevents him from correctly understanding that, relative to feudal ownership, bourgeois society implies a true historical liberation for man; this liberation is founded on the great development of the material productive forces of large-scale industry. Marx incorrectly equates “industry” with bourgeois society, which is why Marx writes, “far from refuting it, the ruptured world of industry confirms their self-ruptured principle.” It was not until after 1845 that Marx differentiated between productive forces and relations of production; then he finally realized that industry is only a historical silage in the development of productive forces, thus leading to his scientific criticism of bourgeois society’s relations of production. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 177.

3. 生产、再生产、生产力和社会关系都不是可见的实体存在，特别是它们作为社会本质的生产方式是无法用感性经验直接证实的。在历史的发生发展过程中，这种历史存在及其本质都被历史地建构起来。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：452

3. Production, reproduction, productive forces, and social relations do not have visible, substantive existence. In particular, as the modes of production that lie at the essence of society, they cannot be sensuously, empirically, or directly verified. In the process of historical progression, this historical existence and its essence are both historically constructed. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 352.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
真理的形成过程也就是真理的证实过程，真理和证实是同义的。——“从实在生活中探求真理——以经验的视角重新理解詹姆士的真理理论”，载于《河北北方学院学报（社会科学版）》2011年第2期
The forming process of truth is the course of verifying it, so the meaning of truth is that of the verification.

例句 2：
詹姆士认为真理具有可证实性，他提出了两种证实真理的方法，即真理的直接证实和真理的间接证实。——《詹姆士实用主义真理探究》，山东师范大学硕士学位论文，2011
William asserts that truth can be verified and he brought forward two ways: direct verification of truth and indirect verification of truth.

例句 3：
后者已经在当代哲学的发展进程中得到很大程度的证实。——“重思晚年恩格斯视域中的‘唯物主义辩证法’——兼及《自然辩证法》手稿解读”，载于《教学与研究》2015年第4期
The latter has been largely confirmed in the development process of contemporary philosophy.