请输入您要查询的字词:

 

字词 论辩术,诡辩术
释义

论辩术,诡辩术【英】

eristic; sophistry

译文来源

[1] 冯契,徐孝通.外国哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2000:351.
[2] Eristic. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eristic
[3] Eristic. via: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/eristic
[4] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 11) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972: 336.

定义

亦译“诡辩术”。古希腊哲学家用于探讨哲学问题的一种方法(冯契等,2000:351)。“论辩术”这个词最早的意思是指用于哲学论证中的归于不可能的论证方法。亚里士多德认为,爱利亚学派的芝诺是这一方法的发明者,而芝诺提出这种方法可能是受到毕达哥拉斯学派使用这种方法证明正方形对角线和边不可公约的启发。在芝诺之后,出现了一批以传授“论辩术”和“修辞术”为职业的阶层,即智者派。苏格拉底扩展了芝诺的“论辩术”,而亚里士多德曾对“论辩术”进行了多方面的逻辑研究(谷振诣,2000:34-35)。论辩术和辩证法起初并没有明显的界限,是柏拉图区分了辩证法与论辩术,认为“辩证法是知识的基石,而论辩术是为争论而争论。两者的根本区别在于目的不同,辩证法致力于揭示真理,从对方承认的前提,通过论证以达到对真理的认识;而论辩术为在争论中获胜,往往不择手段流于诡辩。两者在争论中的态度也不一样,辩证法家是最为诚恳的、诚实的,只是在必要时才纠正他的对手,通过对方的错误揭示其陷入谬误的地方,对待对方的态度是友好的、与人为善的;论辩家则任意挑剔对方的错误,甚而嘲笑对方。辩证法是客观的,不因人而异,以它自身的方式达到最真实的结果,注重实质而不仅仅注重名称;论辩术则是主观的,人各异辞,人各异理,没有实质的论证”(冯契等,2000:351)。在西方哲学史上,黑格尔算是第一个对诡辩术做系统批判的哲学家。他曾经指出:“诡辩这个词通常意味着以任意的方式,凭借虚假的根据,或者将一个真的道理否定了,弄得动摇了;或者将一个虚假得道理弄得非常动听,好像真的一样。”黑格尔的这段话,揭露了诡辩论有意颠倒是非、混淆黑白的特点(诡辩术.via:
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=oUuDBdpEZf2E6X-hMzF8XpsIYmjuC8-263iG-LonD1uSzn3x55vzYrWPHvzr5fmiAyfu9vn6z8WJmEh_FSNDm4X-T5COmrqiZX4_5ibdad5VAkulCcefAmMUQmSpJ2IQ)。诡辩论常用手法有:偷换概念、违反演绎规则、轻率概括、冒充辩证法等。我们可以用“辨析法”去对付诡辩论的“偷换概念”,用“演绎法”去对付诡辩论的“违反演绎规则”,用“归纳法”、“举证法”去对付诡辩论的“轻率概括”,用“两分法”、“归谬法”去对付诡辩论的“冒充辩证法”(柯可,2015:136-140)。

定义来源

[1] 冯契,徐孝通.外国哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2000:351.
[2] 谷振诣.“论辩术”与希腊逻辑的传统[J].求是学刊,2000(06).
[3] 诡辩术.via:
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=oUuDBdpEZf2E6X-hMzF8XpsIYmjuC8-263iG-LonD1uSzn3x55vzYrWPHvzr5fmiAyfu9vn6z8WJmEh_FSNDm4X-T5COmrqiZX4_5ibdad5VAkulCcefAmMUQmSpJ2IQ
[4] 柯可.雄辩圣哲[M].世界图书出版公司,2015.

例句

1. 说两个不同的政党需要同一个东西,而对同一个东西的理解又各不相同,这简直是用空洞的遁词来掩盖的谬论!也就是说,并不是同一个东西。随便哪一个人都能抓住普列汉诺夫的逻辑失误。也许可以把专制君主国和民主共和国都叫作字母然后说,不同的政党可以随意用不同的数值代入这个代数公式。这纯粹是普列汉诺夫的逻辑,或者确切些说,是普列汉诺夫的诡辩术。——《列宁全集(第十四卷)》,1988:142

1. This is sheer nonsense concealed by verbal trickery: two different parties need the same thing, which each conceives of differently! Which means that it is not the same thing: the first comer will convict Plekhanov here of a logical blunder. We might as well symbolise both an autocratic monarchy and a democratic republic with the letter “a” and say that different parties are free to substitute different arithmetical values in this general algebraic formula. That would be typical Plekhanov logic, or rather Plekhanov sophistry. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 11), 1972: 336.

2. 与街道严密隔绝而保护起来的、闷人的、发霉的“社会人士”书斋一旦把通向“街道”的房门打开一点,里面积下的灰尘便滚滚而出。以“有知识”、“有教养”自命的干鱼的诡辩术也就大白于天下了。——《列宁全集(第十五卷)》,1988:219

2. And all the dust that the members of “society” have accumulated in stuffy and fusty chambers so carefully screened off and protected from the street, flies up in a cloud immediately the door leading to the “street” is opened. The-dry-as-dust sophistry that they fancy is “intellectual” and “well-educated” is laid bare for all to see. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 12), 1977: 380.

3. 在用诡辩术偷换辩证法这一崇高事业中,普列汉诺夫打破了纪录。这位诡辩家任意抽出某一个“论据”,而黑格尔早就正确地说过:人们完全可以替世上的一切找出“论据”。——《列宁全集(第二十六卷)》,1990:142

3. Plekhanov has set a new record in the noble sport of substituting sophistry for dialectics. The sophist grabs at one of many “arguments”; it was Hegel who long ago very properly observed that “arguments” can be found to prove anything in the world. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 21), 1974: 218.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
柏拉图的《欧蒂德谟》中记述了苏格拉底与克力同的谈话,在这场谈话中苏格拉底转述了昨日与智术师欧蒂德谟兄弟以及少年克莱尼阿斯等人的对话。过往对《欧蒂德谟》的解读,突出的主要是对话中辩证术与诡辩术、苏格拉底与智术师的关系等问题,甚少涉及古典教育的主题。——“古典教育中的父与子——柏拉图《欧蒂德谟》开场绎读”,载于《湖南师范大学教育科学学报》2016年第3期
In the Euthydemus, Plato recorded the conversation between Socrates and Crito, in which Socrates retailed his dialogues with Euthydemus Brothers the Sophists, with Cleinias the Youth, and with others that took place yesterday. The previous studies on the Euthydemus mainly focused on the dialectic and the eristic within the dialogue, or the relation between Socrates and the Sophists, while the idea of classical education is rarely touched.

例句 2:
对《动物庄园》中“声响器”这一角色的话语进行批评分析,揭示了该角色充分利用情感语言、预设、诡辩术以及对比等话语策略,从而诠释语言具有的说服功能、掩饰功能和操纵功能是如何达到维护、巩固统治阶级独裁之目的。——“权力与语言之共生现象研究——以《动物庄园》中‘声响器’的权力话语为例”,载于《外国语文》2013年第4期
Hence, this paper intends to reveal how different discourse strategies (emotional language expression, presupposition, comparison and sophistry) are employed to establish Squealer’s position as powerful spokesman in Animal Farm by George Orwell, which may explain how the persuasive function, the embellishing function and the controlling function of language are exploited to maintain and consolidate the despotism of the ruling class.

例句 3:
多恩爱情诗中有时表现出的意义上的隐晦与深奥、他的看似符合逻辑实则荒谬的悖论、以及他带有中世纪玄学色彩的诡辩术,都使

随便看

 

汉译英翻译词典收录7925条汉英翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用中文字词的英语拼写、翻译、音标、读音、用法、例句等,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

Copyright © 2004-2024 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间:2024/9/30 6:00:56