历史阶段【英】

historical stage

译文来源

[1] Mao Tse-tung. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 3) [C]. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965: 182.
[2] Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 22.

定义

历史阶段是历史研究者根据特定标准将历史按时间加以划分时使用的概念，与历史时期可通用。从广义上说，历史阶段可以指一个较长的时间期，根据不同的政治、经济、思想、文化、社会风俗等综合指标划分出不同的历史阶段，比如奴隶制阶段。从狭义上说，历史阶段也可用来指称历史的一个较短的时间期比如俄罗斯的苏联时期。历史阶段的划分是人类认识进步的标志。人们发现历史发展中存在特征明显的不同时期，把人类历史的总体划分成不同阶段加以考察，体现了历史主义的观点，人们对历史的认识逐渐科学化。“人类历史是一个整体，有其一致性、统一性，但在不同的历史时间期，又有差异性、多样性。如果一视同仁地看待不同时期的人和事，或者不对特定历史时期的人和事的特定历史环境加以分析，或者用此时的标准评判彼时的人和事，恐怕都不能获得较科学的历史认识”（许嘉璐，1991：3）。

定义来源

许嘉璐.中国中学教学百科全书·历史卷[Z].沈阳出版社，1991.

例句

1. 由此看来，战争情况的不同，决定着不同的战争指导规律，有时间、地域和性质的差别。从时间的条件说，战争和战争指导规律都是发展的各个历史阶段有各个历史阶段的特点，因而战争规律也各有其特点，不能呆板地移用于不同的阶段。从战争的性质看，革命战争和反革命战争，各有其不同的特点，因而战争规律也各有其特点，不能呆板地互相移用。从地域的条件看，各个国家各个民族特别是大国家大民族均有其特点，因而战争规律也各有其特点，同样不能呆板地移用。我们研究在各个不同历史阶段、各个不同性质、不同地域和民族的战争的指导规律，应该着眼其特点和着眼其发展，反对战争问题上的机械论。——《毛泽东选集（第一卷）》，1991：173

1. Thus the different laws for directing different wars are determined by different circumstances of those wars-differences in their time, place and nature. As regards the time factor, both war and its laws develop; each historical stage has its special characteristics, and hence the laws of war in each historical stage have their special characteristics and cannot be mechanically applied in another stage. As for the nature of war, since revolutionary war and counter-revolutionary war both have their special characteristics, the laws governing them also have their own characteristics, and those applying to one cannot be mechanically transferred to the other. As for the factor of place, since each country or nation, especially a large country or nation, has its own characteristics, the laws of war for each country or nation also have their own characteristics, and here, too, those applying to one cannot be mechanically transferred to the other. In studying the laws for directing wars that occur at different historical stages, that differ in nature and that are waged in different places and by different nations, we must fix our attention on the characteristics and development of each, and must oppose a mechanical approach to the problem of war. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 1), 1965: 182.

2. 费尔巴哈在这里把唯物主义这种建立在对物质和精神关系的特定理解上的一般世界观同这一世界观在特定的历史阶段即十八世纪所表现的特殊形式混为一谈了。不仅如此，他还把唯物主义同它的一种肤浅的、庸俗的形式混为一谈，十八世纪的唯物主义现在就以这种形式继续存在于自然科学家和医生的头脑中，并且被毕希纳、福格特和摩莱肖特在五十年代拿着到处叫卖。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二十一卷）》，1965：319-320

2. Here Feuerbach lumps together the materialism that is a general world outlook resting upon a definite conception of the relation between matter and mind, and the special form in which this world outlook was expressed at a definite historical stage, namely, in the eighteenth century: a More than that, he lumps it together with the shallow, vulgarised form in which the materialism of the eighteenth century continues to exist today in the heads of naturalists and doctors, the form in which it was preached on their tours in the fifties by Büchner, Vogt and Moleschott. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26) ,1990: 369.

3. 马克思后来承认过这种观点的“巨大功绩”，因为这说明了生产形式是“从生产本身和自然必然性产生的，不以意志、政策等等为转移的形式。这是物质规律。错误只在于，他们把社会的一个特定历史阶段的物质规律看成同样支配着一切社会形式的抽象规律”。­­——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009：48

3. In Theories of Surplus Value, Marx would later identify the “great contributions” of this viewpoint. He argues that the viewpoint of the physiocrats on natural order explains how the forms of production “arise from the natural necessity of production itself, forms that are independent of anyone's will or of politics, etc. They are material laws, the error is only that the material law of a definite historical social stage is conceived [by the physiocrats] as an abstract law governing equally all forms of society. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 22

网络参考例句

例句 1：
论文共分为四个部分，以时代背景的变化为依据，在三个不同的历史阶段下，对邓小平的美国观进行初步探讨。——《邓小平的美国观初探》，中国青年政治学院硕士学位论文，2011
There are four parts in this thesis. Mr. Deng Xiaoping’s views of America are discussed in three different historical stages. It is hoped that inspirations can be gained by observing and analyzing Mr. Deng’s views of America.

例句 2：
总之，通过对需求规律在不同历史阶段的表现的描述，王祖华表达了当前社会的消费需求和享受需求。——《论王祖华对历史规律的重构》，云南大学硕士学位论文，2010
Anyhow, through to the needs of different historical stages in the description of the current society, Wang Zuhua express consumption demand and requirements.

例句 3：
对曲阜古城的营建形态演变依历史阶段进行纵向梳理，按照历史演进历程逐个历史阶段剖析三千余年曲阜古城营建形态演变的阶段性特征及其内在社会文化动因，探寻曲阜古城城市形态演变与主导文化因素之间的关系。——《曲阜古城营建形态演变研究》，山东大学博士学位论文，2013