社会科学    【英】

social science(s)

译文来源

[1]金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003：357.
[2]Social science. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science

定义

社会科学是以社会现象为研究对象的科学，包括政治学、经济学、军事学、法学、教育学、文艺学、史学、民族学、宗教学、社会学、语言学等等，与自然科学相对。广义的社会科学是哲学社会科学的统称，如我国通常将哲学社会科学的研究机构称为“社会科学院”。在马克思主义产生以前，人们已经在研究社会现象中积累了大量的资料，获得了许多成果。但从总体上说，由于受到剥削阶级偏见的束缚，又受到生产规模狭小的限制，人们还不能对社会现象作全面的历史的了解。“至多是积累了零星收集来的未加分析的事实，描述了历史过程的个别方面”（列宁，1984：59）。马克思主义哲学的创立，为建立完整的社会科学体系奠定了科学理论基础。现代社会的发展与科技革命，促进了社会科学的繁荣。社会科学中一些有悠久历史的学科如史学等，运用科技革命所提供的新方法，有了许多新的突破；社会科学出现了分化与综合的新趋势，不断涌现出新的学科，如许多分工越来越细的部门经济学和社会学的各个分支；社会科学与自然科学、思维科学相互渗透相互联系的整体化发展趋势日益加强，形成许多边缘与交叉的新学科，如环境科学、社会心理学、管理科学、科技美学；自然科学中的许多方法不断应用于社会科学的研究，使社会科学研究成果趋向精确化。社会科学在社会生活中起着重大的作用。科学转化为生产力，不单指自然科学，还包括社会科学。把社会科学应用于生产，能够帮助人们制定发展经济的正确方针和计划，合理利用人力、物力、财力、资源，调整生产过程，改善劳动组织和生产结构，加强生产管理，从而大大提高生产力。社会科学还具有管理社会和改造社会的重要功能，对于哲学、道德、艺术等社会意识形式的产生、发展，也有重要的作用（金炳华，2003：357）。

定义来源

[1]列宁.列宁全集（第二十六卷）[M].人民出版社，1984.
[2]金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. （四）大力发展教育和科学事业。教育是发展科学技术和培养人才的基础，在现代化建设中具有先导性全局性作用，必须摆在优先发展的战略地位。全面贯彻党的教育方针，坚持教育为社会主义现代化建设服务，为人民服务，与生产劳动和社会实践相结合，培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。坚持教育创新，深化教育改革，优化教育结构，合理配置教育资源，提高教育质量和管理水平，全面推进素质教育，造就数以亿计的高素质劳动者、数以千万计的专门人才和一大批拔尖创新人才。加强教师队伍建设，提高教师的师德和业务水平。继续普及九年义务教育。加强职业教育和培训，发展继续教育，构建终身教育体系。加大对教育的投入和对农村教育的支持，鼓励社会力量办学。完善国家资助贫困学生的政策和制度。制定科学和技术长远发展规划。加强科学基础设施建设。普及科学知识，弘扬科学精神。坚持社会科学和自然科学并重，充分发挥哲学社会科学在经济和社会发展中的重要作用。在全社会形成崇尚科学、鼓励创新、反对迷信和伪科学的良好氛围。——《江泽民在党的十六大上所作的报告》，2002

1. 4. Develop education and science. Education is the foundation for scientific and technological advancement and personnel training. Playing a vanguard role and having an overall bearing on the modernization drive, education must be placed on our development agenda as a strategic priority. We must carry out the Party's education policy that education should serve socialist modernization and the people and integrate itself with productive labor and social practice so as to train socialist builders and successors featuring an all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and art. We should encourage innovation in education, deepen its reform, optimize its structure, allocate its resources rationally, raise its quality and management levels and promote quality-oriented education to cultivate hundreds of millions of high-quality workers, tens of millions of specialized personnel and a great number of top-notch innovative personnel. We should build up the ranks of teachers and raise their professional ethics and competence. We should continue to make nine-year compulsory education universal across the country, intensify vocational education and training, develop continued education and set up a system of life-long education. We should increase input in education, give more support to rural education, and encourage nongovernmental sectors to run schools. We should improve the state policy and system for aiding students in straitened circumstances. We should formulate a long-term program for scientific and technological development. We should step up the development of infrastructure for research. We should disseminate science and promote the scientific spirit. We must lay equal stress on social sciences and natural sciences and give full play to the important role of philosophy and other social sciences in economic and social development. It is essential to create an atmosphere in society at large favorable for respecting and promoting science, encouraging innovation and opposing superstition and pseudo-science. -Quoted from Jiang Zemin’s Report at 16th Party Congress, 2012.

2. 这样，在汤普逊这里，社会主义就不再是一种抽象的公正，而是需要物质前提的。这使他的理论逻辑从根本上区别于西斯蒙第以来大多数具有浪漫主义色彩的法德空想社会主义，也不同于此时的马克思，因为马克思这时同样不承认政治经济学是科学，并且是社会主义可能的理论前提与基础。由此，汤普逊断言，公正不可能在那些“不懂自然科学和政治经济学的真理的”伦理学家手中实现，因为美好的东西在他们那里永远是梦想；真正的公正也不会在那些“只注意财富的生产和积累”的政治经济学家的自然规律中自发地出现，这是由于他们根本没有打算将经济学中“那些孤立的原理应用到社会科学上来”。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009：359

2. Thus for Thompson, socialism was not an abstract idea of justice, but rather a concrete concept demanding a material premise. This makes his theoretical logical fundamentally different from that of the many romantic French and German utopian socialists, beginning with Sismondi. His logic was also different from Marx’s at this time, because Marx also did not recognize political economy as a science, nor did he recognize that it was the possible foundation and theoretical premise for socialism. In Thompson’s opinion, justice could not appear with those moralists who “do not understand the truths of physical science and political economy,” because good things for them will never be anything but dreams. Neither could true justice spontaneously appear in the natural laws of the political economists, who “direct their sole attention to the production and accumulation of wealth.” This is because they do not attempt to apply the isolated elements of economics to social science. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 277.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
关于马克思主义社会科学方法论的建构目前学术界存在的普遍观点是，系统化的方法论架构尚未形成，与建立在片面的社会哲学基础上的理解方法论和实证方法论相比，马克思主义社会科学方法论的建构是以全面而完善的马克思主义唯物史观为指导，试图通过对一系列具体的马克思主义社会科学方法的分析来探寻融合理解方法论和实证方法论、方法论个人主义和方法论整体主义的有效途径，最终形成一套能够有效消弭社会科学方法论内在冲突的马克思主义的方法论建构。——《马克思主义社会科学方法论的建构》，吉林大学硕士学位论文，2013
The common view in academia on the construction of Marxist Methodology of  Social Science is that the systematic architecture of methodology hasn't yet been formed. Compared with the humanists methodology and the positivism methodology which are based on the partial social philosophy, the construction of Marxist Methodology of Social Science is guided by comprehensive and complete Marxist historical materialism and through a series of specific analysis of Marxist social science methods, attempts to explore a effective way of compromising the  humanists methodology and the positivism methodology, the methodology of  individualism and the methodology of holism. And ultimately a set of construction of Marxist Methodology of Social Science can form which can effectively eliminate the Internal conflict of Methodology of Social Science.

例句 2：
自从社会科学诞生的一百多年里，诸多社会科学研究方法如雨后春笋般大量涌现，尤以西方发达国家为甚。——《马克思主义社会科学方法论思想基础研究》，吉林大学硕士学位论文，2015
Since the birth of the social sciences hundred years, Western social science methodology generated a lot of posit