字词 | 基督教 |
释义 | 基督教【英】Christianity译文来源Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1983: 243. 定义基督教是一种信仰神和天国的宗教,发源于中东以色列地区。“相传为犹太人耶稣所创立,信奉者称耶稣为基督,为救世主。包括罗马公教(在中国亦称天主教)、正教(亦称东正教)、新教(中国通称基督教或耶稣教)三大派系和其他一些较小的派系”(金炳华,2001:585)。在人类发展史上,基督教具有非常重要的地位(尤其中世纪的欧洲地区)。公元1—2世纪,基督教经典逐渐形成。公元3世纪中叶,因耶稣的神性问题,基督教分成主张耶稣非神同体的阿里乌斯派和主张耶稣神人同体的亚大纳修派。公元4世纪成为罗马帝国国教。中世纪在欧洲占有统治地位。11世纪分裂为罗马公教与正教。16世纪宗教改革运动中,新教又从罗马公教中分裂出来,出现路德宗(亦称路德派)、归正宗(亦称加尔文派)和安立甘宗(其教会称为圣公会)三大新教主流,后又陆续分裂为许多派别。近代以来,虽然经历了宗教改革、科学革命和工业革命的冲击,基督教仍然具有广泛的影响,在欧美地区被普遍信仰。基督徒相信人类具有原罪,而耶稣作为神(天主或称上帝)唯一的儿子(圣子),通过牺牲自己为人类的救主(弥赛亚,即基督)。基督教与伊斯兰教、佛教并列为当今三大世界性宗教,提倡的是上帝的爱,救赎人类的罪和灵魂体。 定义来源金炳华.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001. 例句1. 现实的资产阶级社会是一种个人利己主义的“小贩世界”(Kramerwelt)。在这里,盛行着神学这一类颠倒的世界观,即个体是目的,类(上帝)被贬低为手段的基督教式观点。赫斯认为,“基督教是利己主义的理论、利己主义的逻辑。而利己主义实践的典型基地就是现代的、基督教的小贩世界”。 ——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:114 1. The real worldview of bourgeois society was one of selfish individuals living in a “world of petty shopkeepers” (Kramerwelt). Here we see a theological, inverted-species worldview. This is the Christian viewpoint that the individual is the purpose, while the species (God) is degraded to a means. In On the Essence of Money, Hess asserts that “Christianity is the theory, the logic of egoism. Conversely the classic ground of egoistic practice is the modern Christian world of shopkeepers”. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 77. 2. 或者,对神的存在的证明不外是空洞的同义反复,例如,本体论的证明无非是:“我现实地(实在地)想象的东西,对于我来说就是现实的表象”,这东西作用于我,就这种意义上说,一切神,无论异教的还是基督教的神,都曾具有一种实在的存在。古代的摩洛赫不是曾经主宰一切吗?德尔斐的阿波罗不曾经是希腊人生活中的一种现实的力量吗?在这里康德的批判也毫无意义。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)》,2002:100 2. The proofs of the existence of God are either mere hollow tautologies. Take for instance the ontological proof. This only means: "that which I conceive for myself in a real way (realiter), is a real concept for me", something that works on me. In this sense all gods, the pagan as well as the Christian ones, have possessed a real existence. Did not the ancient Moloch reign? Was not the Delphic Apollo a real power in the life of the Greeks? Kant's critique means nothing in this respect. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1983: 104. 3. 金克尔研究神学不过是从基督教教义中摘录一些感伤的东西,采取克劳伦的方式加以阐述,在他的演说和著作中,显示出这种牧师饶舌的典范,这种饶舌有时也被叫做“散文诗”,而且他可笑地企图以此来证明他有“诗才”。 ——《马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)》,2002:278 3. Kinkel, whose theological studies had led to nothing beyond the making of sentimental extracts of Christianity in the manner of Clauren, was in speech and in his writings the epitome of this fraudulent pulpit oratory that is also described as "poetic prose" and which he oddly enough now made the basis of his "poetic mission". -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1983: 243. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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