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字词 魁奈(Francois Quesnay)
释义

魁奈(Francois Quesnay)【英】

François Quesnay

译文来源

[1] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 123.
[2] François Quesnay. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay

定义

魁奈(1694-1774年),法国资产阶级古典政治经济学的主要代表,重农学派的创始人。18世纪的法国,农业无论在经济生活中,还是在整个社会生活当中都处于十分重要的地位。但是,当时的柯尔贝尔奉行牺牲农业﹑扶持工商业的重商主义政策,使法国面临十分严重的经济问题。政府面临财政危机,人民生活贫困。于是,作为宫廷医生的魁奈,把自己研究的兴趣从医学转向哲学,并进一步转向经济学。当时,他和一些志趣相合的经济学家一起,组成了西方经济学说史上有名的重农主义经济学派。重农主义的理论核心,与其说是重农,勿宁说是重视对自然法则的倡导与遵循。在魁奈看来,自然法是最高亦最基本的法则,“自然法则确立对人类最有利的自然秩序,确切的规定适合于一切人的自然法,这是永恒存在的,不可改变的,显而易见是最好的法则。……因此使得一切智慧之士和所有人类理性都无条件的服从于它们”(弗朗西斯·魁奈,1992:121)。自然秩序在人类经济活动中的体现,则是对农业的重视,对土地增加财富的重视。魁奈认为,农业才是社会财富的来源。其《中华帝国的专制制度》一书出版后,曾被看作当时法国经济学家“崇尚中国运动的顶峰之作”,并在18世纪下半叶处于西传的中国文化风靡欧洲的潮流中起了推进作用。魁奈反对重商主义者将货币与财富等同起来的观点,明确将货币财富与一般财富区别开来,强调私有财产的地位,倡导“自由放任,自由通行”的概念(李禹阶等,2007:5)。在他看来,“只有农业才是满足人们需要的财产的来源,只有农业才能创立保卫财富所必须的武装力量”(弗朗西斯·魁奈,1992:125)。魁奈的主要著作有:《经济表》、《租地农场主》、《谷场》、《农业国经济管理的一般原则》等。

定义来源

[1] 弗朗西斯·魁奈.中华帝国的专制制度[M].北京商务印书馆,1992.
[2] 李禹阶,冀伯祥.“重农”与“困农”——评魁奈对中国古代重农思想的认识[J].重庆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(3).

例句

1. 其实,客观地说,李斯特的经济学还是有他的独特之处的,这就是李斯特站在德国资产阶级的立场上,以一种维护本国私有者利益的“国家经济学”来对抗古典经济学的所谓“世界主义经济学”。李斯特批评了从魁奈开始并由斯密和萨伊所坚持的普遍自由贸易观点的虚假性,他抓住了经济发展的特殊性,即一个国家的生产力发展水平不同,也就不可能在国与国之间真正发生“放任的”自由贸易与交换。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:168-169

1. Actually, List’s views on economics were unique in several ways, namely in that he upheld the position of the German bourgeoisie, promoting the interests of German private owners through “national economics” in opposition to the so-called “global economics” of classical economics. List criticized the falsity of the concept of universal free trade as promoted by economists from Quesnay to Smith and Ricardo. He comprehended the particularity of economic development, namely that because different countries developed productive forces to different degrees, there could not exist the free trade and exchange of a veritable “laissez-faire” economy on the international scene. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 123.

2. 因此,正如罗莎·卢森堡令人信服地描述的那样,关于经济生活总体的伟大的、尽管往往是原始的、有缺点的和不精确的总观念尚存在于魁奈的“经济表”中,而在经过斯密到李嘉图的发展中,随着——形式上的——概念形成越来越精确,这种总观念就越来越消失了。——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:172

2. It is therefore no accident, as Rosa Luxemburg has convincingly shown, that the great, if also often primitive, faulty and inexact synoptic view of economic life to be found in Quesnay's “Tableau Economique”, disappears progressively as the formal-process of conceptualisation becomes increasingly exact in the course of its development from Adam Smith to Ricardo. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1968: 107.

3. 那末,为什么还要把关于实现自由贸易对工人阶级状况的影响作为未解决的问题来谈呢?从魁奈到李嘉图的经济学家们所表述的一切规律是建立在这样的假定上的:迄今妨碍自由贸易的羁绊已不再存在。这些规律的作用随着自由贸易的实现而加强。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四卷)》,1958:177-178

3. But, then, why propound as a problem still to be solved the question: What influence will the adoption of the Free Trade have upon the condition of the working class? All the laws formulated by the political economists from Quesnay to Ricardo, have been based upon the hypothesis that the trammels which still interfere with commercial freedom have disappeared. These laws are confirmed in proportion as Free Trade is adopted. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 6), 1976: 462.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
出于当时欧洲的“中国热”,魁奈等人将儒家阐发的自然观等同于西方传统的“自然法”,用来捍卫自由市场原则和人的自然权利。——“重农主义与中国的‘自然法’”,载于《学术界》2013年第2期
In terms of respecting Chinese wisdom, Quesnay with several other scholars equates the principles advocated by Confucius with Western traditional “Natural Law”, with which they defend human freedom and natural right.

例句 2:
本文分析了孟德斯鸠、魁奈等西方启蒙思想家和梁启超等对古代中国政体的认识,并引申出一个问题,即如何定义中国古代社会的性质。——“中国古代的‘权力’理念——兼论中国古代社会的政体与法律”,载于《法学杂志》2012年第2期
This article analyzes Montesquieu, Quesney and Liang Ch’ich’ao’s viewpoints towards the system of government of Ancient China, and it also invites a question: how can we define the nature of Chinese ancient society.

例句 3:
贤良文学与魁奈是中西方重农抑商论的典型代表,他们的经济思想存在许多相似之处又各具特色。对二者的比较研究,不仅可以把握和印证中西方重农思想的异同,在某种程度上也能够揭示思想所产生的特定文化传统和时代精神。——“贤良文学与魁奈的重农抑商论”,载于《重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版)》2010年第2期
Xianliang Literature and Quesnay are representative figures of Chinese and Western sides that advocated emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce. Their viewpoints on emphasizing agriculture have similarities as well as difference. The comparative researches not only indicate the similar or same conditions in which their nations were confronting, but also reveal the specific cultural traditions and time spirits that can be pregnant with their great minds.

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更新时间:2024/6/29 5:53:32