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字词 观察
释义

观察【英】

observation; to observe

译文来源

[1] 金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:476.
[2] Observation. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation

定义

观察指有目的地通过感官考察自然状态下的事物或现象的方法,是获取感性经验的基本途径,也是正确解释的前提之一。依照观察者是否使用科学仪器,观察可分为直接观察和间接观察(金炳华,2001:476);依照观察者考察观察对象的量的方面和质的方面的不同,观察可分为定量观察和定性观察。观察是一种感性认识活动,但它与一般的感知不同,是有计划、有目的、积极主动的认识过程;观察又是在对对象不加人为控制的条件下进行考察的方法,同实验有着显著区别。观察是科学认识的基础,其基本任务是发现事实、现象和现象间的外部联系。坚持客观性是观察的首要原则。应当按照客观事物的本来面目进行考察,忌带主观性,避免先入为主;要按照观察目的的要求,坚持观察的全面性和系统性,避免片面性。观察必须同积极的思维相结合;观察者须具备关于对象的一定的知识,对对象有相当的分析和综合能力。现代科学和认识论的研究表明,观察者与观察对象之间存在着相互联系和相互作用,观察的客观性是相对的、有限度的,只有通过认识发展才能不断逼近客观事物的真相,为解释提供真实的认识(刘建明,1992:210)。

定义来源

[1] 金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001.
[2] 刘建明.宣传舆论学大辞典[Z].经济日报出版社,1992.

例句

1. 首先是处于古典经济学起点位置的威廉·配第。以往我们都认为,配第的方法论前提是英国经验论的唯物主义哲学,他第一次运用这种方法观察社会现象,特别是运用到经济过程中来。这一点没有错。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:26

1. The first of these is William Petty, one of the founders of classical economics. In the past, it was believed that the premise of Petty’s methodology was the materialist philosophy of English empiricism. This belief was based on the fact that he was the first to use empirical methods to observe social phenomena, particularly in his observation of economic phenomena. This is all true. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 2.

2. 例如,我们将在第二章中看到,大多数科学的早期发展阶段,是以许多不同的自然观不断竞争为特征的,每一种自然观都部分地来自于科学观察和科学方法的要求,并且全都与科学观察和科学方法的要求大致相容。——《科学革命的结构》,2003:3-4

2. We shall note, for example, in Section II that the early developmental stages of most sciences have been characterized by continual competition between a number of distinct views of nature, each partially derived from, and all roughly compatible with, the dictates of scientific observation and method. -Quoted from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1970: 4.

3. 波普尔从现代科学史的角度重申着康德的论断:从来就没有纯粹的观察,任何实验的观察都必然是依据一定理论参考系的观察,这是“一种有目的,并由一定的问题以及期望的范围引导的活动”。——《文本的深度耕犁后:马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:46

3. Popper from the perspective of modem science history reasserts Kant’s proposition: there is no such thing as pure observation, for any observation in experiment must be conducted according to a certain theory as the axis of reference; it is “a purposeful activity led by certain questions and a range of expectation.” -Quoted from Back to Marx: A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 75.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
作为第二语言习得领域的一项重要的研究内容,进行课堂观察和课堂观察量表的制订逐渐受到英语学科带头人和英语教师的广泛关注。——《课堂观察的研究和课堂观察量表的设计》,中国石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,2014
As an important studying content in the field of the second language acquisition research, classroom observation and classroom observation scale gradually received extensive attention of the authorities and teachers of English subject.

例句 2:
根据国内外对自我认知的研究,本文将自我认知的内涵概括为对自己的观察、认识和评价,即人们将自我作为认知的对象,通过对自我存在的感知,对有关自我的信息引起注意,在对自我进行观察、认识和评价的过程中,人们通过记忆形成了对自我的看法或意象,构成了有关自我的图像,通过对自我的描述和判断,从而决定自己应有的形象或状态。——《网络对当代大学生自我认知的影响及对策研究》,成都理工大学硕士学位论文,2012
According to the research development of self-cognition, the essence of self-cognition can be summarized as own observation, understanding and evaluation, namely people take themselves as a cognitive object, based on the perception of aseity and pay attention to the self-information, in the process of observing, understanding and evaluation, generating a memory of self-perception or image and constituting the self-image, choosing the most suitable image or status via self-description and judgment.

例句 3:
为了收集研究数据,本研究采取了三种工具:英语水平测试,课堂观察、实时录音。——《英语课堂教师提问对学生英语口语输出的影响》,江南大学硕士学位论文,2009
Instruments used to collect the data were: language proficiency tests, classroom observations and audio-recordings.

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更新时间:2024/9/30 7:11:00