字词 | 灵魂 |
释义 | 灵魂【英】soul; spirit译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 50. 定义灵魂,是西方哲学史和伦理思想史用语,一般被解释为精神、思维、精神生活等(朱贻庭,2011:604),是指一种被认为寓于人体之中而又主宰人体的超自然体(陈国强,1990:293)。关于灵魂的观念一般是各种宗教理论的核心概念。许多宗教都认为,人的死亡是灵魂离开躯体前往他处的结果,因而,在宗教教义中,来世的主体一般都是灵魂。宗教倡导,现世的道德行为是为人死后灵魂能得安乐。但各种宗教的灵魂观念在具体形式上存在不同之处。基督教认为,灵魂是上帝赋予人的,人死后灵魂或升天堂享永福或下地狱受惩罚;佛教认为,凡人死后,灵魂会在三世六趣中轮回,须经长期修炼才能够使灵魂超出三世轮回,进入涅槃;伊斯兰教认为,灵魂不灭,当世界末日来临一切生命都完结后,所有在世上生活过的人都将复活并接受主神安拉的裁决。在各宗教中,灵魂观念对于宗教道德观念的形成和宗教道德行为规范的确立有着重要的影响(徐少锦,1999:632)。哲学上,古希腊奥尔菲斯教派与毕达哥拉斯就已讲到灵魂问题。古希腊唯物主义者多认为灵魂是物质的虚空或原子等,并将物质与精神看成是同一的。中世纪经院哲学家分别对柏拉图与亚里士多德的灵魂观点进行了发展。在中世纪神学看来,灵魂具有永恒性、非物质性、可转移性,强调灵魂的主动性。近代哲学以理性或经验的活动对精神活动进行解释,如笛卡儿的物质实体与精神实体并存的二元论,斯宾诺莎以唯物主义解释人的精神活动的思想(朱贻庭,2011:604)。 定义来源[1] 朱贻庭.伦理学大辞典(修订本)[Z].上海辞书出版社,2011. 例句1. 最后,如果说培尔依据奥古斯丁的权威(不过这个权威同亚里士多德和其他古代人相比,是无足轻重的,据奥古斯丁说,德谟克利特曾赋予原子以一个精神的原则)责备伊壁鸠鲁,说他想出了一个偏斜来代替这个精神的原则,那么可以反驳他说:原子的灵魂只是一句空话,而偏斜却表述了原子的真实的灵魂即抽象个别性的概念。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)》,2002::34 1. Finally, Bayle, supported by the authority of Augustine, who states that Democritus ascribed to the atom a spiritual principle—an authority, by the way, who in contrast to Aristotle and the other ancients is without any importance — reproaches Epicurus for having thought out the concept of declination instead of this spiritual principle. But, on the contrary, merely a word would have been gained with this "soul of the atom", whereas the declination represents the real soul of the atom, the concept of abstract individuality. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 50. 2. 虽然古希腊人的整个宇宙观具有素朴唯物主义的性质,但是在他们那里已经包藏着后来分裂的种子。早在泰勒斯那里,灵魂就被看作某种特殊的东西,某种和肉体不同的东西(比如他认为磁石也有灵魂);在阿那克西米尼那里,灵魂是空气(正象在《创世纪》中一样)364;在毕达哥拉斯派那里,灵魂已经是不死的和可移动的,肉体对它说来是纯粹偶然的。在毕达哥拉斯派那里,灵魂又是“以太的碎片(απσπασμααθρσ)”(第欧根尼·拉尔修,第8卷第26—28节),冷的以太是空气,密集的以太则形成海和水气(第279—280页)。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:528 2. For all the naive materialism of the total outlook, the kernel of the later split is already to be found among the ancient Greeks. For Thales, the soul is already something special, something different from the body (just as he ascribes a soul also to the magnet), for Anaximenes it is air (as in Genesis) for the Pythagoreans it is already immortal and migratory, the body being purely accidental to it. For the Pythagoreans, also, the soul is "a chip of the ether" (Diogenes Laertius, VIII, 26-28), where the cold ether is the air, the dense ether the sea and moisture. (Pp. 279-80.) -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 469. 3. 毛泽东思想活的灵魂是贯穿其中的立场、观点、方法,它们有三个基本方面,这就是实事求是、群众路线、独立自主。新形势下,我们要坚持和运用好毛泽东思想活的灵魂,把我们党建设好,把中国特色社会主义伟大事业继续推向前进。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:25 3. The enduring spirit of Mao Zedong Thought refers to the stand, viewpoint and method crystalized in the Thought, which features three basic tenets - seeking truth from facts, the mass line and independence. In the new conditions, we should upho1d and app1y the enduring spirit of Mao. Zedong Thought in bui1ding our Party and advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 27. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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