字词 | 他律 |
释义 | 他律【英】heteronomy; regulation by law译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 254. 定义他律(英heteronomy;德Heteronomie),德国康德用语。指服从于自身以外的权威与规则的约束而行事的道德原则。与“自律”相对。他认为不管这种约束是从社会来的(快乐的引诱,幸福的渴求),或从宗教来的(宗教权威,宗教礼仪,宗教狂热与迷信)都属于他律。道德他律受到行为效果的影响,不注重于行为的动机,违背道德良心的指导,违反道德的原则(金炳华,2003:18)。他律有消极他律和积极他律两种类型。当个体没有道德的自觉意向,即使知道道德规范也不自愿遵守,只是迫于社会舆论和人际环境而勉强去做,或者表面上践履道德规范,内心想的却是如何达到自己的狭隘目的。情感和意志同理智发生分离,此时的道德规范对他来说就是消极他律。消极他律会导致伪善,伪善是一种失德,它从内心败坏道德的根基。而积极他律就是当个体具备了弱意义的自律意识时,道德规范对他所表现出来的情态。也就是说,个人对道德有了自觉追求,运用自己的理性能力,追求道德价值,把道德看作自己的人格尊严之所在,从而把按道德规范行动看作自己的行为必要性时,这时他就有了意志自律的意向,因而他会自觉接受道德规范的约束,并力求把它内化,此时道德规范就表现为一种积极他律(詹世友,1998:12)。康德从严格意义上提出了道德自律和他律的概念,其弊端由黑格尔指出并纠正,但直到马克思恩格斯才以辩证唯物史观将二者统一起来。过于强调道德自律或他律,或认为道德是无律的观点都值得商榷。理解这两个概念的关节点在于理解道德之“律”的强制性。要把道德的自律和他律真实地统一起来,既要建立适应合理伦理关系的社会道德体系,也要建立与社会道德相独立的个体道德,建立有层次性的道德评价体系,并使道德个体融入现实的社会实践和生活的道德教育之中(李志强,2011:38)。 定义来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 既然事实上我自己不是自然,既然我的自然欲望,整个我的自然机体不属于我自己(基督教的学说就是如此),那末自然的任何制约,不管这种制约是我自己的自然机体所引起的还是所谓外界自然所造成的,都会使我觉得是一种外来的制约,使我觉得是枷锁,使我觉得是对我的强暴,是和精神的自律相异的他律。施蒂纳不加思考地接受了这种基督教的辩证法,然后又把它用来对待我们的精神。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷:德意志意识形态)》,1956:285 1. For if I myself am not nature, if my natural desires, my whole natural character, do not belong to myself—and this is the doctrine of Christianity—then all determination by nature—whether due to my own natural character or to what is known as external nature—seems to me a determination by something foreign, a fetter, compulsion used against me, heteronomy as opposed to autonomy of the spirit. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5): The German Ideology, 1975: 254. 2. 要深入开展法制宣传教育,在全社会弘扬社会主义法治精神,引导全体人民遵守法律、有问题依靠法律来解决,形成守法光荣的良好氛围。要坚持法制教育与法治实践相结合,广泛开展依法治理活动,提高社会管理法治化水平。要坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合,把法治建设和道德建设紧密结合起来,把他律和自律紧密结合起来,做到法治和德治相辅相成、相互促进。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:145-146 2. We will make sure that the laws are well received by the people, foster socialist rule of law throughout society, encourage all the people to observe the law and solve their problems by the law, and form a favorable environment in which it is held to be honorable to observe the law. We will combine education in the legal system with law-based governance, and promote social administration under the rule of law. We should integrate the rule of law with rule by virtue and legal enforcement with ethical progress, encourage both regulation by laws and by self-discipline, and ensure that the rule of law and rule by virtue complement and reinforce each other. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 162. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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