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字词 进化论(又作天演论、演化论)
释义

进化论(又作天演论、演化论)【英】

theory of evolution; evolution theory

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990: 371.
[2] McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. Translated by Zhang Yibing. London: Macmillan Press, 1998: 10.
[3] 金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典(修订本)[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:661.

定义

亦称“天演论”、“演化论”。一种有关生物进化、发展规律及如何运用这些规律的理论。1859年英国生物学家查尔斯·达尔文发表的《物种起源》标志着生物进化论的诞生。达尔文自然选择理论包含以下内容:一是偶然变异。达尔文收集大量证据,表明在同一物种中个体生物微小变异的发生与遗传。达尔文只能猜测这些变异的原因,他承认他的理论并不需要去解释这些区别。二是生物为生存竞争。一般来说,小的生物诞生很多,但能够存活到成熟期的很少。有些变异在特定环境下,为一些个体在同一物种或不同物种生物间的激烈生存竞争提供了微弱的优势。三是适者生存。那些具有优势的生物个体平均来说,存活的时间要长些、后代多些、因而繁殖速度也稍微快些。经过很长一段时间,这种个体变异的自然选择就会发生,那些具有较少优势的变异生物个体也会相应地减少,在这种情况下,物种的逐渐转化就会发生。达尔文认为,自然选择虽然不是决定生物进化变化方向的唯一因素,但也是最主要的因素。达尔文经过27年的反复观察、研究和总结,最终在1859年将其成果汇集成《物种起源》正式发表。达尔文生物进化论的主要观点是:物种内存在个体的差异和遗传;生物必须为生存而竞争;那些能够适应环境的物种将存活下来,并繁衍后代,将其优势遗传下去,那些不能适应环境的物种则会被淘汰;经过长期的自然选择,微小的变异就得到积累而成为显著的变异,由此可能导致亚种和新种的形成;生物处于由低级到高级、由简单到复杂的进化过程中;人类的祖先很可能是由类人猿的动物经过长期缓慢的过程逐渐进化而来(王忠欣,2010:2)。进化论是作为生物学的理论提出的,不过它在思想界产生的影响却远远超过其在生物学界的影响对人类历史上产生了深远、广泛的影响。

定义来源

王忠欣.进化论在美国150年¾¾兼谈宗教与科学[J].南京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2010(01).

例句

1. 在黑格尔看来,自然界只是观念的“外化”,它在时间上不能发展,只是在空间中展示自己的多样性,因此,它把自己所包含的一切发展阶段同时地和一个挨着一个地展示出来,并且注定永远重复总是同一的过程。黑格尔把发展是在空间以内、但在时间(这是一切发展的基本条件)以外发生的这种谬论强加于自然界,恰恰是在地质学、胚胎学、植物和动物生理学以及有机化学都已经建立起来,并且在这些新科学的基础上到处都产生了预示后来的进化论的天才猜测(例如歌德和拉马克)的时候。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十一卷):费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》,1965:321

1. According to him, nature, as a mere “alienation” of the idea, is incapable of evolution in time—capable only of extending its manifoldness in space, so that it displays simultaneously and side by side all the stages of evolution comprised in it, and is condemned to an eternal repetition of the same processes. This absurdity of evolution in space, but outside of time—the fundamental condition of all evolution—Hegel imposes upon nature just at the very time when geology, embryology, the physiology of plants and animals, and organic chemistry were taking shape, and when everywhere on the basis of these new sciences brilliant presentiments of the subsequent theory of evolution were appearing (for instance, Goethe and Lamarck). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26): Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, 1990: 370-371.

2. 但是,这里应当注意两种情况。第一,当费尔巴哈在世时,自然科学也还是处在剧烈的酝酿过程中,这一过程只是在最近十五年才达到了足以澄清问题的、相对完善的地步;新的认识材料以空前的规模被提供出来,但是,只是到最近才有可能在这种接连而来的发现的混乱状态中建立起联系,从而使它们条理化。虽然这三个决定性的发现——细胞、能量的转化和以达尔文命名的进化论,费尔巴哈全看到了,但是,这位在乡间过着孤寂生活的哲学家怎么能够充分研究科学,给这些发现以足够的评价呢?——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十一卷):费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》,1965:321

2. Here, however, there are two things to be pointed out. First, even during Feuerbach’s lifetime,natural science was still in that process of intense fermentation which has reached a clarifying, relative conclusion only during the last fifteen years. New data for cognition were acquired to a hitherto unheard-of extent, but the establishment of coherence, and thereby of order, in this chaos of discoveries following closely upon each other’s heels, has only quite recently become possible. It is true that Feuerbach lived to see all three of the decisive discoveries—that of the cell, the transformation of energy and the theory of evolution named after Darwin. But how was the lonely philosopher in the country to sufficiently follow scientific developments in order to appreciate at their full value discoveries which natural scientists themselves at that time either still contested or did not know how to adequately exploit? -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26): Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, 1990: 372.

3. 马克思前面那段著名表述的第二层意思是一个比喻,即作为动物发展最高存在形式的人类的身体解剖将有助于我们理解低等动物生命体的生理结构。当然,这里马克思的确是以达尔文的生物进化论为前提的,即人是从“棍子”演变而来的。马克思意图借此说明,对人类社会历史的认识也是一样,现代资本主义生产方式就像生命发展中的人体,对它的解剖和理解,当然是我们理解和认识作为社会历史发展早期存在结构的“猴体”的一把钥匙。这是一个十分形象和准确的比喻。我觉得,即使达尔文的进化论学说在今天看来是不科学的,也不能否定马克思这一重要的历史认识论断言。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:243

3. The second implication of the famous statement is its figurative sense, that is, the anatomy of man who exists as the highest life form, will help us to understand the physiology of the lower animals. (Of course, here Marx presupposes Darwinian biological evolution that man evolves from the “ape.”) Marx intends to explain that it is the same with the understanding of human social history: The modem capitalist mode of production is like man whose anatomy is a key to observe the “ape,” the earlier existent social structure. It is a very accurate metaphor. 1n my opinion, we cannot deny this Marxist epistemological assertion even though the Darwinian evolution theory seems not that scientific today. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 323-324.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
“创造进化论”是萧伯纳极力推崇的思想。——《论萧伯纳戏剧创作的“创造进化论”思想》,山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2009
The Theory of Creative Evolution is the thought which George Bernard Shaw praised highly.

例句 2:
最后,一如众多论者所指出的那样,哈耶克进化论理性主义法律观对于当下中国的法治建设乃至于中国的现代化进程都具有重大的启示意义。——《哈耶克进化论理性主义法律观探究》,西南政法大学硕士学位论文,2010
At last, as some commentators noted that, Hayek's law idea of evolutionary rationalism have an important inspiration for the moment of rule of law in China, even the modernization process of China.

例句 3:
在美国,围绕着进化论的冲突,并非科学与宗教之间本质上的冲突,而是不同利益的人与人之间的冲突。——“进化论在美国150年——兼谈宗教与科学”,载于《南京理工大学学报(社会科学版)》2010年第1期
Up to now, evolution has not yet been generally accepted in America, where the conflict around evolution is not the conflict between science and religion in essence, but among people with different interests.

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